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1 – 10 of over 14000A lack of visibility into the manufacturer’s production cost information impedes a retailer’s ability to maximize her own profits, especially when market demand is uncertain. The…
Abstract
Purpose
A lack of visibility into the manufacturer’s production cost information impedes a retailer’s ability to maximize her own profits, especially when market demand is uncertain. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of an option contract within a one-period two-echelon supply chain in the presence of asymmetric cost information.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on the principal-agent model, the retailer, acting as a Stackelberg leader, offers a menu of option contracts to mitigate the risk of uncertain demand and reveal asymmetric production cost information. The optimal contract in asymmetric and symmetric information scenarios is derived. Finally, the impact of production costs on the optimal contracts and the actors’ profits is explored by numerical experiments.
Findings
By comparing the optimal equilibrium solutions in two scenarios, the authors show that asymmetric cost information has a large impact on the optimal option contract and profits. In addition, information rent is affected by the type differential. The results prove that the level of information asymmetry plays a vital role in option contracts and profits.
Originality/value
Different from the existing literature on private demand information, this paper considers a supply chain with asymmetric cost information in the context of option contracts. Interestingly, not only the production cost but also the probability of a low production cost can affect the option strike price. In addition, from the perspective of the manufacturer, a high cost does not always bring a high information rent. These findings can provide some guidance to decision-makers.
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Muhammad Munir Ahmad, Ahmed Imran Hunjra, Faridul Islam and Qasim Zureigat
The authors examine the impact of asymmetric information on firm's financing decisions, the feedback effect of changes in capital structure on the level of asymmetric information…
Abstract
Purpose
The authors examine the impact of asymmetric information on firm's financing decisions, the feedback effect of changes in capital structure on the level of asymmetric information, and the speed of adjustments in capital structure on its target leverage.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors extract the data on 280 non-financial firms listed in the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from the DataStream. The authors implement the generalized method of moments (GMM), complemented by the fixed effect model (FEM) to estimate the model coefficients.
Findings
The authors find that asymmetric information significantly affects the financing decisions; and that on average, firms adjust 26% of the total debt toward their target capital structure. The negative effect from the difference between the observed and target changes in leverage on asymmetric information confirms that capital structure changes act as a signal for future profitability and helps the management to lower its level of asymmetric information.
Originality/value
The findings offer fresh insight into the effect of asymmetric information on financing decisions, as well as the speed of adjustment of capital structure toward its target leverage, in the context of the firms working in emerging markets like Pakistan. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the impact of asymmetric information on financing decisions that incorporate firm's age, size and the global financial crises 2007–2008. The authors construct an asymmetric information index using both accounting and finance measures of asymmetry.
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Honglin Yang, Erbao Cao, Kevin Jiang Lu and Guoqing Zhang
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of information asymmetry on revenue sharing contracts and performance in a dual-channel supply chain. First, the authors model…
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of information asymmetry on revenue sharing contracts and performance in a dual-channel supply chain. First, the authors model the optimum revenue sharing contract in a dual-channel supply chain under both the full information case and the asymmetric information case. Second, they contrast the optimal decisions of a dual-channel supply chain between the full information case and the asymmetric information case. Third, they explore the impact of asymmetric cost information on the performance of a dual-channel supply chain and investigate the information value.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors present two main issues associated with revenue sharing contracts to alleviate manufacturer–retailer conflicts in a dual-channel supply chain. In the first issue, a revenue sharing contract is designed in a dual-channel supply chain under asymmetric cost information conditions, based on the principal-agent model. In the second issue, an optimal revenue sharing contract under full information conditions, based on the Stackelberg game is discussed. They explore the impact of asymmetric cost information on the performance of a dual-channel supply chain and investigate the information value based on comparative static analysis.
Findings
First, the direct sale price is unchanged and independent of the retailer’s cost construct, but the wholesale price increases and the retail sale price does not decrease under asymmetric cost information. The information asymmetry leads to higher direct sale demand and lower retail sale demand. Second, information asymmetry is beneficial for the retailer, but imposes inefficiency on the manufacturer and the whole supply chain. Third, the performance of the dual-channel supply chain is improved if the retailer’s cost information is shared and the dual-channel supply chain reaches coordination. The retailer is willing to share its cost information if the lump sum side payment that the manufacturer offers can make up the retailer’s reduced profit due to sharing this information.
Originality/value
The authors proposed a contract menus design model in a dual-channel supply chain. They examine how information asymmetry affects optimal policies and performance. They compared the optimal policies under symmetric information and asymmetric information. Conditions under which the partners prefer sharing information are identified. They quantified the information value from the points of partners and the whole system.
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Albert Hasudungan and Risa Bhinekawati
This study aims to investigate the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on asymmetric information and return on investment (RoI) in Indonesia. The…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on asymmetric information and return on investment (RoI) in Indonesia. The research specifically assesses the effects of CSR disclosure along with other independent variables such as total assets, return on equity, capital expenditures, net profit margin and sales growth on asymmetric information and RoI.
Design/methodology/approach
The study applied a panel econometric regression model to examine and test the effects of CSR disclosure and financial indicators on asymmetric information and RoI. A total of 275 samples were garnered from private and state-owned publicly listed companies selected in the SRI-Kehati index as sustainable firms in Indonesia from 2009 to 2019. Those listed companies in the SRI-Kehati index have market recognition and are able to maintain sustainability practices in their business doings. Asymmetric information was calculated by measuring the spread of market share prices. CSR disclosure was measured with global reporting initiative standards. Other variables did not require calculation.
Findings
This study discerns the significant influence of CSR disclosure on asymmetric information and RoI on the listed firms of the SRI-Kehati Index in Indonesia. To articulate, the more transparent CSR disclosure is, the asymmetric information should be lower. Besides that, more comprehensive CSR disclosure is associated with a better corporate return of investment. In scrutinizing the control variables, this research validates the significant influence of corporate assets and sales revenue on both dependent variables.
Research limitations/implications
This research has some limitations that require further research. First, the research was conducted in Indonesia. However, other Southeast Asian markets may have their own uniqueness. Therefore, further research is needed in other specific Southeast Asian countries. Second, the sampling bounds on the corporation which gained sustainable recognition in SRI-Kehati Index. Future studies can extend more observation by comparing SRI-Kehati index to firms, which are not listed in the index.
Practical implications
This study recommends better capital market monitoring and evaluation to improve the quality of the firms’ reports in both business and social aspects. By investing more in philanthropic and social activities, firms can signal the market credibility to their various external stakeholders on their market adjustment to changing external business environment.
Social implications
As for society, robust CSR disclosures will facilitate investors’ understanding of the conditions before making an investment in public listed companies. At the same time, companies issuing the disclosures are expected by society to perform responsibly, as illuminated in the report. As a result, the CSR disclosures will create a virtuous cycle of sustainability between the company and the society.
Originality/value
First, this research reinforces the global corporate governance concern to urge more corporate disclosures on firm performance in an Indonesian context. Second, this study fills the research gap on the association of CSR disclosure to asymmetric information in Indonesian literature. Third, the findings underpin the integration of social responsibility on the firms’ core business decision-makings to warrant business credibility to all firms’ stakeholders in Indonesia.
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Jaehee Gim and SooCheong (Shawn) Jang
This study aims to examine how information asymmetry, which refers to an information gap between a firm’s management and its investors regarding the firm’s true value, influences…
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to examine how information asymmetry, which refers to an information gap between a firm’s management and its investors regarding the firm’s true value, influences firms’ dividend and investment decisions in the restaurant industry. This study also investigated the moderating role of a firm’s level of franchising in the relationship between information asymmetry and these behaviors of restaurant firms.
Design/methodology/approach
This study used generalized method of moments panel regression analyses. Principal component analysis was also used to create a composite index of information symmetry.
Findings
This study demonstrated that in asymmetric information environments, restaurant managers tend to reduce dividend payments. In addition, this study showed that information asymmetry leads to restaurant managers’ investment inefficiency. However, the investment inefficiency of the restaurant industry was found to decrease as restaurant firms’ level of franchising increases.
Practical implications
Firms’ dividends and investment decisions are of great interest to investors because these decisions heavily influence investors’ wealth-maximization goals. By shedding light on the previously unrecognized determinants of dividend and investment behaviors in the restaurant industry, this study helps individual investors to make informed investing decisions.
Originality/value
Conflicting arguments can be made regarding the impact of asymmetric information environments on the dividend and investment behaviors of restaurant firms. This study aimed to verify these as-yet unclear relationships in the restaurant industry.
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This study aims to investigate – theoretically and empirically – if call auctions incorporate asymmetric information into prices.
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate – theoretically and empirically – if call auctions incorporate asymmetric information into prices.
Design/methodology/approach
First, this study introduces a new model of price formation in a call auction with insider information. In this call auction model, insider trading gives rise to an asymmetric information component of transaction costs. Next, this study estimates the model using 20 stocks from Euronext Paris and investigates if the asymmetric information component is present.
Findings
The theoretical analysis reveals that call auctions incorporate asymmetric information into prices. The empirical analysis finds strong evidence for the asymmetric information component. Testable implications provide further support for the model.
Practical implications
Call auctions have recently been proposed as an alternative to continuous limit order book markets to overcome problems associated with high-frequency trading. However, it is still an open question whether call auctions efficiently aggregate asymmetric information. The findings of this study imply that call auctions facilitate price discovery and, therefore, are a viable alternative to continuous limit order book markets.
Originality/value
There is no generally accepted measure of trading costs for call auctions. Therefore, the measure introduced in this study is of great value to anyone who wants to quantify trading costs in call auctions, understand the determinants of trading costs in call auctions or compare trading costs and their components between continuous markets and call auctions. This study also contributes to the literature devoted to estimating the probability of information-based trading.
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The purpose of this article is to determine the optimal use of collateral in order to maximize the borrower's wealth by reducing the interest rate payments. This analysis is to…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this article is to determine the optimal use of collateral in order to maximize the borrower's wealth by reducing the interest rate payments. This analysis is to shed light on the fundamental question whether good or bad borrowers pledge more collateral.
Design/methodology/approach
The analysis bases on a simple firm value model similar to Merton's but with the additional feature that the borrower can bring in collateral. This article not only presents the case with perfect information between borrowers and lenders but also regards the consequences arising from asymmetric information.
Findings
A bad borrower, who is characterized by higher bankruptcy costs, riskier projects, and a lower contribution to the project value, typically pledges more collateral than a good borrower. These relationships base on the existence of perfect information between borrowers and lenders. If asymmetric information in terms of the project's riskiness or the contribution of the borrower to the project is present, these relationships invert and good borrowers tend to pledge more collateral. As a result, the allocation of information between a borrower and a lender is crucial for the optimal choice of collateral.
Research limitations/implications
This research underlines the potential for firms to add firm value by pledging collateral because collateral reduces interest rates and therefore results in more attractive terms of the loan. On the other hand, further empirical research can be done to verify our theoretical finding that under perfect information bad borrowers pledge more collateral, while under asymmetric information primarily good borrowers use collateral.
Originality/value
This paper introduces a new motive for the use of collateral and explains – in contrast to many other theoretical models – why bad borrowers tend to pledge more collateral.
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Dongmin Kong, Tusheng Xiao and Shasha Liu
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relations of investment and stock prices (Tobin‐Q), the impact of asymmetric information on the investment sensitivity to stock price…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relations of investment and stock prices (Tobin‐Q), the impact of asymmetric information on the investment sensitivity to stock price, and the impact of asymmetric information on the stock price sensitivity to investment.
Design/methodology/approach
Research was conducted with 313 listed companies and 1,878 firm‐year observations from Chinese stock market. Empirical studies were conducted based on two hypotheses by using R2, information delay and scores of information disclosure as measures of asymmetric information and taking changes in book assets and capital expenditures scaled by book assets as measures of investment.
Findings
The key findings of the paper are: managers are learning from the market when they make investment decisions; the asymmetric information has a significant negative impact on the investment sensitivity to stock price; and the asymmetric information has a significant positive impact on the stock price sensitivity to investment.
Practical implications
The paper has a significant practical implication for regulation policy making in stock market.
Originality/value
The paper fills the research gap in two points. It studies the impact of asymmetric information on the investment sensitivity to stock price, and the impact of asymmetric information on the stock price sensitivity to investment in Chinese stock market for the first time.
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Yeşim Aliefendioğlu, Harun Tanrivermis and Monsurat Ayojimi Salami
This paper aims to investigate asymmetric pricing behaviour and impact of coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic shocks on house price index (HPI) of Turkey and Kazakhstan.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate asymmetric pricing behaviour and impact of coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic shocks on house price index (HPI) of Turkey and Kazakhstan.
Design/methodology/approach
Monthly HPIs and consumer price index (CPI) data ranges from 2010M1 to 2020M5 are used. This study uses a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model for empirical analysis.
Findings
The findings of this study reveal that the Covid-19 pandemic exerted both long-run and short-run asymmetric relationship on HPI of Turkey while in Kazakhstan, the long-run impact of Covid-19 pandemic shock is symmetrical long-run positive effect is similar in both HPI markets.
Research limitations/implications
The main limitations of this study are the study scope and data set due to data constraint. Several other macroeconomic variables may affect housing prices; however, variables used in this study satisfy the focus of this study in the presence of data constraint. HPI and CPI variables were made available on monthly basis for a considerably longer period which guaranteed the ranges of data set used in this study.
Practical implications
Despite the limitation, this study provides necessary information for authorities and prospective investors in HPI to make a sound investment decision.
Originality/value
This is the first study that rigorously and simultaneously examines the pricing behaviour of Turkey and Kazakhstan HPIs in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic shocks at the regional level. HPI of Kazakhstan is recognized in the global real estate transparency index but the study is rare. The study contributes to regional studies on housing price by bridging this gap in the real estate literature.
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Anwar Hasan Abdullah Othman, Syed Musa Alhabshi and Razali Haron
This paper aims to examine whether the crypto-currencies’ market returns are symmetric or asymmetric informative, through analysing the daily logarithmic returns of bitcoin…
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to examine whether the crypto-currencies’ market returns are symmetric or asymmetric informative, through analysing the daily logarithmic returns of bitcoin currency over the period of 2011-2017.
Design/methodology/approach
In doing so, the symmetric informative analysis is estimated by applying the generalised auto-regressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) (1,1) model, whereas asymmetric informative or leverage effects analysis is estimated by exponential GARCH (1,1), asymmetric power ARCH (1,1) and threshold GARCH (1,1) models. In addition, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity in mean (GARCH-M (1,1)) was applied to examine whether the risk-return trade-off phenomenon was persistent in crypto-currencies market.
Findings
The main findings indicate that bitcoin market return or volatility is symmetric informative and has a long memory to persist in the future. Furthermore, the sympatric volatility is found to be more sensitive to its past values (lagged) than to the new shock of the market values. However, asymmetric informative response of volatility to the negative and the positive shocks do not exist in the bitcoin market or, in other words, there is no leverage effect. This suggests that the bitcoin market is in harmony with the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) with respect to the asymmetric information and violated the EMH with regard to the symmetric information. Hence, the market price or return of bitcoin currency could not be predicted by simply exercising such past market information in the short-run investment. In addition, the estimated coefficient of conditional variance or risk premium (λ) in the mean equation of CHARCH–M (1,1) model is positive however, statistically insignificant. This indicates the absence of risk-return trade-off, in which case the higher market risk will not essentially lead to higher market returns. This paper has proposed that an investment in the crypto-currency market is more appropriate for risk-averse investors than risk takers.
Originality/value
The findings of the study will provide investors with necessary information about the bitcoin market price efficiency, hedging effectiveness and risk management.
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