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The debate over differences in the behaviors of firms facing globalization is ongoing. This study examines whether globalization impacts the behavior of family firms and if this influence differs between family and non-family firms.

Drawing on panel data from the Amadeus database on 62 family firms and 98 non-family firms in Europe, the authors employ panel vector autoregression estimation and the Wald test of Granger causality to verify our conjecture. Additional impulse response functions and the forecast error variance decomposition technique were applied to illustrate complementary shock dynamics. Additionally, the KOF globalization index is used as a proxy for globalization.

The results show that globalization visibly impacts family and non-family firms, but the polarity and extent of the effect are different. The authors demonstrate that family firms are in a more favorable position regarding globalization and are less vulnerable to the adverse effects of the globalization process. In contrast, non-family firms fare worse, generating adverse effects. Non-family firms take a more open stance toward globalization than family firms' more conservative behaviors.

Of course, there are some limitations to the work presented in this paper. On the one hand, the authors’ data span only ten years due to data limitations. This causes the generalizability of the results to be hindered. Therefore, the authors encourage scholars to collect more time series data to increase confidence in the empirical results in future studies. On the other hand, the selection of proxy indicators concerning family firm behavior is mainly focused on financial and employment facets. A multidimensional selection of indicators could make the findings of this study more convincing. Despite its limitations, the study certainly adds to the authors’ understanding of its behavior and globalization activities.

The authors’ findings have twofold theoretical and practical implications, as they highlight the necessity of developing specific policies aimed at reducing the gap between family and non-family facing globalization and promoting sustainable operations of non-family firms. Although family firms tend to be more frugal and conservative in their overall decision-making, it should be acknowledged that stockholder and stakeholder interest-oriented corporate management policies have made them more capable of steadily improving corporate performance in the sweep of globalization.

To this end, this study deepens the authors’ understanding of the theory of global governance of family firms. It also provides possible paths and directions for future theoretical research on family firms. Globalization affects both family and non-family firms, but our results suggest that family firms are better able to withstand the adverse effects of globalization shocks and adopt efficient governance paths and strategic thinking to gain a competitive advantage. In this regard, the authors encourage non-family firms to actively learn from family firms' operational practices and systems to achieve better adaptability.

This study provides strong empirical evidence on the effectiveness of family firms' governance patterns and business behavior under globalization. Additionally, this study also reveals that managers can learn from the practical experience of family firms to help them confront business crises and gain a sustainable competitive advantage.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the food price inflation convergence across countries and regions. This study aims to identify the key drivers for food price inflation across countries and regions.

We test whether the international food price inflations are converging over time using the log t convergence test and clustering analysis. These inflation data are collected from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

The test results suggest that there is little evidence of overall convergence. Then we utilize a clustering algorithm and the results support that there is strong evidence of multiple convergence clubs. In addition, we examine the transition path of the various convergence and find that social stability regulation together with economic conditions are important determinants of convergence club membership.

First off, local conflict and economic environment result in food supply and prices, but this study is limited to the dynamics of prices.

Food prices inflations are not converging to single common price inflation, but there exist subgroups of countries or regions within which food price inflation tends to converge. These groupings tend to be related to the economic development and social stability of countries and regions.

The authors believe that any analysis of food price inflations that does not consider the political environment and economic conditions dynamics will likely be omitting important components of food price dynamics.

This study uses a unique data set covering 198 countries and regions and provides a comprehensive analysis of international food price inflation convergence identifying the key drivers of convergence club membership.

The purpose of this paper is to make a comprehensive analysis of 354 publications about Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) from 2013 to 2020 in order to comprehensively understand their historical progress and current situation, as well as future development trend.

First, this paper describes the fundamental information of these publications on PFSs, including their data information, annual trend and prediction and basic features. Second, the most productive and influential authors, countries/regions, institutions and the most cited documents are presented in the form of evaluation indicators. Third, with the help of VOSviewer software, the visualization analysis is conducted to show the development status of PFSs publications at the level of authors, countries/regions, institutions and keywords. Finally, the burst detection of keywords, timezone review and timeline review are exported from CiteSpace software to analyze the hotspots and development trend on PFSs.

The annual PFSs publications present a quickly increasing trend. The most productive author is Wei Guiwu (China). Wei Guiwu and Wei Cun have the strongest cooperative relationship.

The implication of this study is to provide a comprehensive perspective for the scholars who take a fancy to PFSs, and it is valuable for scholars to grasp the hotspots in this field in time.

It is the first paper that uses the bibliometric analysis to comprehensively analyze the publications on PFSs. It can help the scholars in the field of PFSs to quickly understand the development status and trend of PFSs.

The purpose of this paper is to develop some weight determining methods for hesitant fuzzy multi-criterion decision making (MCDM) in which the preference information on attributes is collected over different periods.

Based on the proposed weight determining methods and dynamic hesitant fuzzy aggregation operators, an approach is developed to solve the hesitant fuzzy multi-stage multi-attribute decision-making problem where all the preference information of attributes over different periods is represented in hesitant fuzzy values.

In order to determine the weights associated with dynamic hesitant fuzzy operators, the authors propose the improved maximum entropy method and the minimum average deviation method.

This paper does not consider the multi-stage multi-criteria group decision-making problem.

An example concerning the evaluation of rangelands is given to illustrate the validation and efficiency of the proposed approach. It should be stated that the proposed approach can also be implemented into other multi-stage MCDM problems.

The concept of hesitant fuzzy variable (HFV) is defined. Some operational laws and properties of the HFVs are given. Moreover, to fuse the multi-stage hesitant fuzzy information, the aggregation operators of hesitant fuzzy sets are extended to that of the HFVs.

The purpose of this paper is to develop the Pythagorean fuzzy extension of CODAS method.

Supplier selection is a critical issue for manufacturing companies since it is a multidimensional problem including several conflicting criteria. A suitable multi criteria decision making (MCDM) method that could consider vagueness and impreciseness in the assessments should be used for this kind of problems. Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) are characterized by a membership degree and a non-membership degree satisfying the condition that their square sum is equal to or less than 1. PFSs extend the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). COmbinative Distance-based Assessment (CODAS) method is relatively a new MCDM technique introduced by Keshavarz Ghorabaee et al. (2016).

Pythagorean fuzzy CODAS gives better results than ordinary fuzzy CODAS since it considers the hesitancy of decision makers and presents a larger space for membership and non-membership definition.

The value of this paper is the proposal of a new method to use for the solutions of MCDM problems under vagueness and impreciseness. To show validity and effectiveness of the proposed method, an application to the supplier selection problem is given.

This study aims to identify and accurately assess the risk factors of competitors’ cooperation in the NPD project.

New product development (NPD) is essential to the survival of companies and surpassing other competitors. A key prerequisite for the success of an NPD project is the timing of new product delivery to the market. The main challenge faced by many project managers is the delay in execution and completion phases due to the complex nature and uncertainty of these projects. Rival companies' cooperation reduces the time spent on an NPD project which is an excellent way to reduce the risk of losing the market, but it increases other risk factors.

Based on the results, the security and confidentiality of innovation, the competitors attracting human resources and the company’s brand credibility factors were ranked higher than other factors and should be predicted and managed before cooperating with competitors.

This paper proposed a new model to assess risk factors in cooperation with rival companies in NPD projects. This model takes into account new parameters, for example, negative and positive risks, negative and positive passable risks and risk-based multi-objective optimization by ratio analysis plus full multiplicative form methodology for the rival companies cooperation in NPD projects. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model, a real case of the R&D unit of Iran Khodro Company was studied.

The paper seeks to attempt to solve a decision‐making problem for breeding target character shown as an interval number.

A new comprehensive evaluation method is proposed based on similarity‐difference theory and interval number theory. Data from Winter Wheat Group I Variety Regional Test in Henan Province in 2009‐2010 were analysed using the proposed method.

The results showed that Zhou 99233 was a good variety; Yuxhan No. 7, An 05‐28, Xun K8, Jinyumai 378 and Zhoumai 18 were better ones; 08 luo 36,and Xuke 718 ordinary ones, and others worse ones. Based on this, the feasibility of the method was discussed. It showed that the proposed method had some obvious merits, such as simple arithmetic, convenient operation, flexible and practical, fast and effective.

The application of a live example indicated that its evaluation effect was satisfactory.

The paper succeeds in solving a decision‐making problem for breeding target character shown as an interval number.

The study uses VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR)-structural equation modeling (SEM) to construct benchmarks for service providers and evaluate a multimethodology practice in the Internet industry.

The data were collected using a survey based on an email/interview with 444 Internet users participating. SEM obtained coefficient values by way of customer expectations for Internet service providers. The authors normalized coefficients and integrated them into the VIKOR method for ranking competitors in the Internet industry.

VIKOR-SEM revealed that network and information quality and security/privacy significantly positively impact customer trust while network and information quality and customer trust significantly positively affect Internet users' value perceptions. Customer services do not affect customer trust, while security/privacy and customer services have no significant influence on customer value perceptions. Though customer services and Internet users' trust and value perceptions directly, significantly and positively affect their commitments, the quality of network and information and security/privacy indirectly, significantly and positively influence customer commitments.

The study was in the Internet industry of Iraq. The results cannot be accurate for the other countries and the service sectors. The researchers/managers can adopt the model in other service sectors to test the multimethodology.

VIKOR-SEM evaluated the changes in customer expectations and service providers in the Internet industry.

In current times, organizations operating in emerging economies are providing digital services to its citizen the internet. Literature indicates that digital services are facing major challenges with respect to its adoption among users groups due to the perceived risks.

With the use of generalized analytic network process (GANP), prioritization of different dimensions of risk has been done on the basis of an empirical survey among user groups in India.

The result indicates that dimensions like privacy risk, performance risk and financial risk are more important risks across digital services models. However, physical risk, social risk, psychological risk and time risk are comparatively less important risks across digital services. This research also finds out that the end users are reluctant to provide their personal information.

The sample size is relatively small which limits generalizability of results beyond India. However, an application of GANP has been showcased for empirical research.

The research outcome can help managers in deciding which dimensions of risk are more important for digital service delivery and thus facilitate adoption.

This paper focused on the different facets of risk perceived by consumers, toward the digital services available in smart cities. Perceived risk dimensions such as privacy risk, performance risk, financial risk, physical risk, social risk, psychological risk and time risk have shown that there is a need to prioritize these risks to the digital services which is offered to the residents of the smart cities.

The application of theories on group decision support is yet to be explored extensively in supplier selection literature, although the literature in both domains is extremely rich, in isolation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of group decision support theories for supplier selection.

The row geometric mean method (RGMM) of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used in this study for the prioritization of group preferences under consensus. A case study was conducted to test the theories of consensual group decision making and compare it with other approaches based on AHP.

The study establishes that the application of decision support theories for group decision making can improve the supplier selection process. Findings further imply that RGMM is more effective than eigen value method, for group decision making under consensus.

Methodologically, the study highlights the greater regularity in outcome of group decision making, vis-à-vis individual decision making, for the same decision-making context. Also, it highlights how RGMM is more effective since it preserves reciprocal properties and diversity in preferences better.

The study establishes that firms can improve supplier selection processes by leveraging on the collective expertise of a group rather than depending on individual decision-making expertise.

This study explores the application of different theories based on AHP for consensual group decision making. It compares different approaches based on AHP and establishes that RGMM is a superior approach for supplier selection.