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Recognizing the difference of labor laws between the U.S. and China, the U.S. parties need to recognize the differences when negotiating and investing in China, because some of the clauses can be settled when signing contracts or agreements. For China’s part, minimum wages are crucial for them to remember when they do business in the U.S.; the good thing is that they do not have to pay holidays that are different from China. Overall, the benefits are tremendous when the differences are recognized in advance of investments, contracts or agreement negotiations. Recognizing the differences between the two labor acts will avoid unnecessary cost and conflicts.

Although maquiladoras create needed jobs in Mexico which help the country economically, they also appear to create problems in terms of the infrastructure, waste pollution, and Mexican family traditional roles. Unless addressed, these problems wilt continue to grow, and might eventually curtail the expansion of maquilas in Mexico. There are important lessons to be learned from these issues. Maquiladoras managers would be wise to promote the orderly planning and development of the infrastructure in the cities in which they operate, they would be wise to dispose properly of their waste materials, and they would be wise to study the changes they are creating among Mexican family traditions.

In North America, 80 percent of the jobs and 60 percent of the gross national product come from the performance of services rather than the production of products. Organizations that deliver high‐quality service increase or maintain market share and have a higher return on sales than do their competitors. Argues that service firms must reach out for the brass rings of strategic planning and marketing to meet the ever‐increasing competitive challenges of the 1990s and beyond the year 2000. The firms that do not or will not embrace the issues of internal marketing and incorporate those ingredients into their strategic marketing plan will see their market share and profit base erode. Internal promotion can create a positive and/or superior image of the firm and its products in the mind of the customer.

Among the problems of the in‐bond (maquiladora) assembly plants in Mexico, voluntary turnover is a complex phenomenon, difficult to assess and solve. Although caused by several factors, previous research has demonstrated that social, labour, organizational and cultural variables are closely linked to the turnover problem. To study the strategies that managers use to retain workers in their companies in the USA and how they apply those strategies to subsidiaries in Mexico, selects 13 multinationals with headquarters in north east Ohio and plant operations in Mexico and interviews were conducted with human resources top executives. Finds that each one of the companies has adapted and implemented similar policies consistent with the factors previously identified. On balance, it appears that US multinationals are beginning to address this voluntary turnover problem effectively.

Competition and entrepreneurship are driving forces in the development of economic systems. They create jobs, new opportunities to generate value, and lead to the fulfillment of personal career and life goals. As such, it is important to understand the basic economic and cultural factors that influence these activities in developing economies. We undertook a series of analyses in an examination of a heterogeneous sample of economic zones in Southeast Asia. Results illustrate relations between national culture, human development, and business and growth competitiveness. Implications hold that human development and power distance are enablers of entrepreneurial activities in these cultural and national settings. Our contribution is instrumental to development of public policy and regulatory guidelines for facilitating entrepreneurial activity in the developing economies of Southeast Asia.

Incremental budgeting can be used to project changes in the operations of a firm over a specific period of time. The main use of this approach has been to analyze alternatives in the decision‐making process. However, it can be valuable in long‐range‐planning. The advantage of the incremental approach is that it uses a step‐by‐step process, rather than developing one figure for the total change. This technique is easily combined with more traditional budgeting techniques. An incremental decision model can be developed in conjunction with the existing information system to provide such information as rate of return, cash flows, expenses, and revenues, on an incremental basis. The model can be used to simulate any anticipated changes for detailed analysis.

Entrepreneurship education has been largely treated as a pedagogical “black box.” Despite the emergence of popular entrepreneurship models such as business planning, the lean startup, or business model canvas, neither theoretical nor pedagogical foundations are typically evident. This limits the accumulation of useful evidence that could inform better teaching practices. In this chapter, we develop a set of conceptual models anchored in learning theory regarding how entrepreneurship education should be taught to students. These conceptual models are built on the techniques of entrepreneurship pedagogy such as experiential education. They are developed for three groups of students: students without any entrepreneurship experience, students with previous entrepreneurship experience, and students who are currently running their start-ups. A set of potential variables that could be used for course evaluation purposes is also included. The proposed models meet the needs of students with different levels of entrepreneurship experience. Theoretically, we demonstrate that entrepreneurship students should not be treated as a homogeneous group, as they have different levels of startup experience and different educational needs. Lecturers of entrepreneurship programs could choose the suitable model proposed in this chapter in teaching based on the characteristics of their students. The chapter provides novel insights with regard to how entrepreneurship programs should be designed for students with different levels of entrepreneurship experience.

Despite the important role of entrepreneurial implementation intentions for closing the intention-behavior gap, empirical evidence on their drivers and mechanisms is scant and inconclusive. In the case of college students’ technology-driven entrepreneurship, the objective of the present study is to examine whether implementation intentions are contingent on the university environment in which the progression from entrepreneurial intentions to subsequent actions unfolds. The sample for this study is composed of 299 Bulgarian STEM students, who reported technology-based entrepreneurial intentions. A binary logistic regression is applied to examine four specific mechanisms that facilitate or impede the students’ actual implementation intentions. Findings suggest that students enrolled in universities that provide greater concept development support are more likely to have formed specific implementation intentions, while students in more research-intensive universities are less likely to do so. Practitioner implications and recommendations for future research are provided.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize and provide excerpts from a two‐day roundtable on securities lending and short selling hosted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on September 29‐30, 2009.

The paper provides summaries and participants' comments from two days of SEC commissioner's questions and panel discussions. Day one – securities lending: Panel 1 – overview of securities lending; Panel 2 – securities lending and investor protection concerns; Panel 3 – improving securities lending for the benefit of investors; Panel 4: the future of securities lending and potential regulatory solutions. Day two – short selling: Panel 1 – controls on “naked” short selling; Panel 2: making short sale disclosure more meaningful.

Many pension and mutual funds view securities lending as an investment activity. Securities lenders see cash collateral as an important risk. FINRA and the SEC have considered the need for increased transparency and the possible benefits of a central counterparty for securities lending. The securities lending market is highly regulated, including through requirements imposed by Regulation T, 15c3‐3, 15c3‐1, Regulation SHO, and ERISA guidelines. The SEC has considered “hard locate” and “pre‐borrow” requirements for short sales, which some market participants believe would be uneconomical. An estimated 50 percent of fails are from ETFs. The SEC has considered enhanced disclosure requirements for short sales, both anonymous and public, their possible effects on fraud prevention and market efficiency, and any harm they could do to market makers.

The paper provides a discussion by regulators and industry experts on the most important current regulatory issues related to securities lending and short selling.