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Although this is a survey of research techniques, it has become increasingly apparent, as the study has progressed, that our investigation of research methods for use in tourism and travel studies, without prior consideration of the nature and scopes of tourism and travel themselves, would he inadequate. At the outset it would be imperative to distinguish three interrelated terms. These are recreation, tourism, and travel.

For a developing country striving to increase its ‘buying power’ in the community of nations, the establishment of a tourism industry is an important tactic for the generation of foreign exchange earnings, and the implementation of such a tactic frequently involves a high level of direction from the central government. When such governmental involvement extends to include the direct investment of public funds in touristic facilities, then the central authority is faced with the problem of determining the most appropriate program for allocating the capital investments. The present study constitutes an investigation of this decision problem.

In a companion paper (1) a general mathematical model for the allocation of touristic investments was developed. In this paper a solution methodology for the model is developed based on the principles of dynamic programming. At each stage of the dynamic program an integer program is solved to limit the range of values of the state variable which must explicitly be considered. The algorithm is illustrated through an example, and the advantages of the solution procedure are explained by considering the solution as a base for the strategic decision making in the touristic sector.

The paper provides an overview of research published in the innovation and operations management (IOM) literature on 15 methods for cost management in new product development, and it provides a comparison to an earlier review of the management accounting (MA) literature (Wouters & Morales, 2014).

This structured literature search covers papers published in 23 journals in IOM in the period 1990–2014.

The search yielded a sample of 208 unique papers with 275 results (one paper could refer to multiple cost management methods). The top 3 methods are modular design, component commonality, and product platforms, with 115 results (42%) together. In the MA literature, these three methods accounted for 29%, but target costing was the most researched cost management method by far (26%). Simulation is the most frequently used research method in the IOM literature, whereas this was averagely used in the MA literature; qualitative studies were the most frequently used research method in the MA literature, whereas this was averagely used in the IOM literature. We found a lot of papers presenting practical approaches or decision models as a further development of a particular cost management method, which is a clear difference from the MA literature.

This review focused on the same cost management methods, and future research could also consider other cost management methods which are likely to be more important in the IOM literature compared to the MA literature. Future research could also investigate innovative cost management practices in more detail through longitudinal case studies.

This review of research on methods for cost management published outside the MA literature provides an overview for MA researchers. It highlights key differences between both literatures in their research of the same cost management methods.

The idea of implementing supply chain management (SCM) principles for the construction industry was embraced by construction stakeholders to enhance the sector's performance. The analysis from the literature revealed that the implementation of SCM in the construction industry enhances the industry's value in terms of cost-saving, time savings, material management, risk management and others. The construction supply chain (CSC) can be managed using the pull or push system. This chapter also discusses the origin and proliferation of SCM into the construction industry. The chapter revealed that the concept of SCM has passed through five different eras: the creation era, the use of ERP, globalisation stage, specialisation stage and electronic stage. The findings from the literature revealed that we are presently in the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) era. At this stage, the SCM witnesses the adoption of technologies and principles driven by the 4IR. This chapter also revealed that the practice of SCM in the construction industry is centred around integration, collaboration, communication and the structure of the supply chain (SC). The forms and challenges hindering the adoption of these practices were also discussed extensively in this chapter.

Capital increasingly takes the form of intangible assets, especially trademarked corporate brands. Further, contemporary capitalism increasingly accumulates through commodification of iconic cultural images and legendary narratives constituting a “second enclosure movement” (Boyle, 2008). This paper develops a critical theory of brands, branding, and brand management within economies of spectacle.

A case study of the consumer culture surrounding large displacement motorcycling is used to critique the central premise of consumer culture theory (marketing professionals create brands that become valuable icons) and develop an alternative view using concepts from critical theory, especially spectacle (Debord, 1967) and culture industry (Adorno, 1991).

After initial enclosure, legends were managed by Crossmarketing Licensing Networks (CMLN), coalitions of corporate and state actors, each possessing a piece of the legendary pie. The Sturgis CMLN was organized into two political divisions, rally profiteers and civic leaders, with overlapping but differentiated interests and approaches to the management of the Sturgis legend. The CMLN intervened in the cultural commons to overcome legendary degradations (banality, incoherence, undesirability) surrounding the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally.

Brands are capitalized culture created by enclosures, a form of primitive accumulation. Under current conditions of immaterial production, CMLN’s engage in ongoing cultural production to maintain the capitalized value of their brands. Brands are not only hunted in the wilds of culture, but also increasingly domesticated and fattened when herded through legendary commons.

The references listed here should serve both as a guide to the free and inexpensive sources of tourism and travel research information and an ‘eye‐opener’ to the wealth of available data that is yours for the asking. In selecting sources of information, efforts have been made to (1) emphasize prime data, (2) list sources which can be used to locate more detailed data, and (3) keep the list brief enough to be actually read and used rather than kept in the bookshelf. Effective utilization can save hours of time and provide useful information that might otherwise be missed. Below, you will find sources in eight categories given within the constraints stated above.

Formal decision analysis is restricted to situations in which alternative choices are available, and often this is not a feature of investment project studies involving touristic facilities. That is, more often than not, a study is made to determine the “feasibility” of a particular proposed project, with primary emphasis on economic considerations; and the decision is merely to go ahead with the project or not. On the other hand in some circumstances there may be alternative choices available, such as several architectural arrangements, alternative locations, etc., and these need to be evaluated on economic criteria. But often the major considerations are essentially non‐economic and no systematic procedures are employed for introducing these factors into the analysis.

The opinion that the spiritual controls the physical gave rise to this chapter. The spiritual in this chapter was regarded as the philosophical and organisational theories controlling the practical aspect of construction supply chain management (CSCM). It was discovered that there is a significant omission in adopting theories to explain supply chain management's (SCM) adaptation and modelling in the construction industry. Therefore, this chapter reviews theories such as resource-based view theory (RBV), principal agency theory (PAT), resource dependency theory (RDT), transaction cost economics theory (TCE) and game theory. Each of the theories was analysed to uncover how they support the practice and variables for modelling the construction supply chain (CSC). The existing models of the CSC were also examined in this chapter. It was found that most models were developed drawing on the frameworks of the global supply chain forum (GSCF) and supply chain operations reference model (SCOR). Owing to the shortcoming of GSCF, this book adopted the framework and principles of SCOR for modelling the management of CSC in the era of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). Also, most of the existing CSC models, such as the seamless CSCM model, maturity model and others, were developed using the SCOR framework.

Estimating the production function is one of the most interest topics in economics, managements, and operations research. Often the number of decision-making units (DMUs) is not sufficiently large in comparison with the numbers of inputs and outputs. In this case, the available methodologies suffer to distinguish between DMUs and to provide a fair estimation of the production function. In the literature, studies usually suggest that researchers should either decrease the number of input-output variables or increase the number of DMUs. We demonstrate the reasons for such suggestions and provide a geometric visualization to address this issue. A simple but powerful model is introduced which is able to estimate a production function when the number of DMUs are small. A real-life numerical example of 32 DMUs with 45 variables is also used to demonstrate the advantages of the introduced model. From such an approach, researchers can benchmark organizations even if the number of DMUs is less than the number of input-output variables.