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Article
Publication date: 1 February 1975

R.M. THORPE and B. WHITTINGTON

In the past few years a new debate has started and blossomed among those concerned with British university administration. It has centred around the lack of specific provision of…

Abstract

In the past few years a new debate has started and blossomed among those concerned with British university administration. It has centred around the lack of specific provision of training for university administrators. This research is a reflection of this debate. In an attempt to provide, firstly, information which would facilitate the construction of a course appropriate for “middle grade” administrators and, secondly, knowledge of a more general kind on the weaknesses of present administrator training, the authors carried out an attitudinal survey by postal questionnaire of 52 university and university college institutions in Britain. Interest focussed upon the training needs perceived by middle range administrators. This information was used to construct a course for these administrators which was offered at the University of Bradford in September 1973. Further, biographical and attitudinal data were used to attempt to explain variations in perceived training need. A consideration of several propositions suggested to explain such apparent variations served to indicate the evident need for more training in these techniques, either through the perceived need of a majority of respondents, or through the respondents' self confessed lack of knowledge about the applicability of these techniques. The authors conclude with a call for more non‐survey data based research into training needs and the expansion of specific university administrative training in management techniques.

Details

Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 13 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0957-8234

Article
Publication date: 1 May 1983

In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of…

16220

Abstract

In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of material poses problems for the researcher in management studies — and, of course, for the librarian: uncovering what has been written in any one area is not an easy task. This volume aims to help the librarian and the researcher overcome some of the immediate problems of identification of material. It is an annotated bibliography of management, drawing on the wide variety of literature produced by MCB University Press. Over the last four years, MCB University Press has produced an extensive range of books and serial publications covering most of the established and many of the developing areas of management. This volume, in conjunction with Volume I, provides a guide to all the material published so far.

Details

Management Decision, vol. 21 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0025-1747

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 11 February 2022

Ramnath Dixit and Vinita Sinha

The purpose of this paper is to guide decision-makers in the learning and development space with effective and efficient training transfer tools and techniques to facilitate…

1047

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to guide decision-makers in the learning and development space with effective and efficient training transfer tools and techniques to facilitate workplace implementation of skills and knowledge disseminated during training interventions.

Design/methodology/approach

Insights were drawn using a quantitative method study involving survey questionnaire responses from 300 respondents representing eight industry sectors.

Findings

Investigations revealed that the effectiveness and efficiency of training transfer tools are strongly correlated and enable workplace application of skills and knowledge.

Practical implications

Use of appropriate training transfer tools and techniques delivers superior returns on training investments and accomplishment of business results through desired behavior change in employees.

Originality/value

The study promises to be the first of its kind and provides a fresh perspective towards enabling practical workplace application of trained knowledge and skills using effective and efficient transfer strategies.

Details

Journal of Workplace Learning, vol. 34 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1366-5626

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 10 January 2020

Waqar Ahmed Khan, S.H. Chung, Muhammad Usman Awan and Xin Wen

The purpose of this paper is three-fold: to review the categories explaining mainly optimization algorithms (techniques) in that needed to improve the generalization performance…

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is three-fold: to review the categories explaining mainly optimization algorithms (techniques) in that needed to improve the generalization performance and learning speed of the Feedforward Neural Network (FNN); to discover the change in research trends by analyzing all six categories (i.e. gradient learning algorithms for network training, gradient free learning algorithms, optimization algorithms for learning rate, bias and variance (underfitting and overfitting) minimization algorithms, constructive topology neural networks, metaheuristic search algorithms) collectively; and recommend new research directions for researchers and facilitate users to understand algorithms real-world applications in solving complex management, engineering and health sciences problems.

Design/methodology/approach

The FNN has gained much attention from researchers to make a more informed decision in the last few decades. The literature survey is focused on the learning algorithms and the optimization techniques proposed in the last three decades. This paper (Part II) is an extension of Part I. For the sake of simplicity, the paper entitled “Machine learning facilitated business intelligence (Part I): Neural networks learning algorithms and applications” is referred to as Part I. To make the study consistent with Part I, the approach and survey methodology in this paper are kept similar to those in Part I.

Findings

Combining the work performed in Part I, the authors studied a total of 80 articles through popular keywords searching. The FNN learning algorithms and optimization techniques identified in the selected literature are classified into six categories based on their problem identification, mathematical model, technical reasoning and proposed solution. Previously, in Part I, the two categories focusing on the learning algorithms (i.e. gradient learning algorithms for network training, gradient free learning algorithms) are reviewed with their real-world applications in management, engineering, and health sciences. Therefore, in the current paper, Part II, the remaining four categories, exploring optimization techniques (i.e. optimization algorithms for learning rate, bias and variance (underfitting and overfitting) minimization algorithms, constructive topology neural networks, metaheuristic search algorithms) are studied in detail. The algorithm explanation is made enriched by discussing their technical merits, limitations, and applications in their respective categories. Finally, the authors recommend future new research directions which can contribute to strengthening the literature.

Research limitations/implications

The FNN contributions are rapidly increasing because of its ability to make reliably informed decisions. Like learning algorithms, reviewed in Part I, the focus is to enrich the comprehensive study by reviewing remaining categories focusing on the optimization techniques. However, future efforts may be needed to incorporate other algorithms into identified six categories or suggest new category to continuously monitor the shift in the research trends.

Practical implications

The authors studied the shift in research trend for three decades by collectively analyzing the learning algorithms and optimization techniques with their applications. This may help researchers to identify future research gaps to improve the generalization performance and learning speed, and user to understand the applications areas of the FNN. For instance, research contribution in FNN in the last three decades has changed from complex gradient-based algorithms to gradient free algorithms, trial and error hidden units fixed topology approach to cascade topology, hyperparameters initial guess to analytically calculation and converging algorithms at a global minimum rather than the local minimum.

Originality/value

The existing literature surveys include comparative study of the algorithms, identifying algorithms application areas and focusing on specific techniques in that it may not be able to identify algorithms categories, a shift in research trends over time, application area frequently analyzed, common research gaps and collective future directions. Part I and II attempts to overcome the existing literature surveys limitations by classifying articles into six categories covering a wide range of algorithm proposed to improve the FNN generalization performance and convergence rate. The classification of algorithms into six categories helps to analyze the shift in research trend which makes the classification scheme significant and innovative.

Details

Industrial Management & Data Systems, vol. 120 no. 1
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0263-5577

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 November 2002

Rita C.M. Vermeulen

For training in a corporate setting transfer of training is essential. Yet time and again research shows transfer is a problem. Reflection on theory and years of practice as a…

2356

Abstract

For training in a corporate setting transfer of training is essential. Yet time and again research shows transfer is a problem. Reflection on theory and years of practice as a trainer is the basis for this article. It aims to contribute to analysis and if possible to the solution of the persistent problem of transfer. First the concept of “frame” is illustrated; then the transfer problem is described in the form of challenges for trainer, trainee and organisation. The transfer frame is introduced, presenting transfer as a two‐way process. How can this view contribute to benefit transfer? Transfer may improve by closely connect the two contexts in which the trainee/employee functions. In the context of training there should be performance and the in context of work there should be learning. Training techniques creating “as if” situations are applicable in both contexts. An instruction like “evoke” may help the trainee/employee to operate successfully in the role of manager of his/her own transfer process. Further research is required to establish empirical evidence for or against the transfer effects of evocation strategies and “as if” techniques.

Details

Journal of European Industrial Training, vol. 26 no. 8
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0309-0590

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 1 June 1992

I. Wilson and B. Kirwan

While training is seen to be of high importance in ensuring adequate human reliability, both in human reliability theory and practice, the question of what “adequate training”…

Abstract

While training is seen to be of high importance in ensuring adequate human reliability, both in human reliability theory and practice, the question of what “adequate training” actually entails is rarely addressed in this field. Many techniques of human reliability assessment, for example, utilize a “performance‐shaping factor” called “training” to help to quantify human error probabilities. However, these techniques do not specify in a useful way how it is decided whether training is good or poor. Similarly, the training analyst working within what are termed “mission‐critical applications” also utilizes quantitative techniques to assist in the definition of training dimensions which contribute to training effectiveness. Such dimensions are essential to ensure that the performance shaping factor of training is effective when the cognitive and motor skills are transferred to the operational environment. Explores the approaches which are commonly used both by the training analyst and by the human reliability practitioner, and indicates where the sharing of approaches and data may provide valuable insights into the relationship between effective training and human reliability.

Details

International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, vol. 9 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 0265-671X

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 22 August 2008

Spyros Papadakis, Iosif Fragoulis and Niki Phillips

This paper aims to study the possibility of delivering experiential training techniques through distance learning, targeted to lone parents and to present the early implementation…

Abstract

Purpose

This paper aims to study the possibility of delivering experiential training techniques through distance learning, targeted to lone parents and to present the early implementation findings. It also aims to present the potential benefits of participative techniques when combined with new technologies used in distance training programs targeting single families.

Design/methodology/approach

Techniques such as direct discourse combined with questions and answers may be implemented in a virtual environment of consultative support. Trainees, from their job or home, log on to a site of consultative virtual structure, using their personal computer and the internet. Technology allows them to chat with one or more participants, through text, sound and even video.

Findings

Research findings showed that trainees responded positively to the proposed training tool. They creatively exploit participative techniques during their distance training.

Practical implications

Lone parents are often limited in their availability to participate in face‐to‐face training programs and have fewer chances of lifelong learning in a classroom form. They are often confronted with transport difficulties and time restraints. Thus, distance learning with the use of new technologies may provide development solutions for this group of citizens.

Originality/value

The paper provides useful information on participative techniques during distance training for lone parents.

Details

Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, vol. 22 no. 5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1477-7282

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 6 March 2020

Batia Ben-Hador, Udi Lebel and Uzi Ben-Shalom

The initial purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of intra-organizational training for developing leadership skills and the techniques used to assimilate…

Abstract

Purpose

The initial purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of intra-organizational training for developing leadership skills and the techniques used to assimilate course content. The study aims to understand incongruities in training and assess their impacts on training effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative research methods were used to assess a five-day course in the Israeli Defense Forces entitled, “Developing leadership skills in the spirit of the Bible.” Triangulation of data was achieved through observations, interviews and conversations with participants. Grounded theory and thematic analysis were used, respectively, to interpret and analyze the data.

Findings

Results suggest that the course did not support the development of leadership skills. The analysis revealed two themes representing different domains: form (training techniques) and content (values). Combining the two themes indicates an incongruity between the declared and actual content of the training course. Further, this incongruity is supported by the training techniques that were used in this course.

Practical implications

A clash of values may ensue that leads to long-term confusion and difficulties for participants of the training course and the organization.

Originality/value

The study makes several theoretical contributions to the literature focusing on the importance of congruence between declared and real training content, and between form and content.

Details

European Journal of Training and Development, vol. 44 no. 4/5
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2046-9012

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 16 August 2021

Melinda Hollingshed

This study aims to identify the most frequently used tools and techniques within the measure phase of the define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) methodology in the…

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to identify the most frequently used tools and techniques within the measure phase of the define, measure, analyze, improve and control (DMAIC) methodology in the Six Sigma Green Belt body of knowledge (BOK) to standardize training curriculum and reduce barriers to Six Sigma adoption.

Design/methodology/approach

This study measures the most frequently used tools within the Measure Phase of the Green Belt body of knowledge by surveying Six Sigma professionals from all industries as to how often they use tools specific to the Measure Phase. Professionals rated ten categories of tools based on frequency use as it pertains to a Green Belt level Six Sigma project. Descriptive analysis, t-tests, and ANOVA were performed on the data using Minitab to identify the most frequently used tool categories.

Findings

The findings of this study indicate that the most frequently used measure phase tools and techniques within in the Six Sigma Green Belt BOK are process mapping, control charts, descriptive statistics, graphical analysis, collecting and summarizing data, process capability analysis and Six Sigma statistics (defects per unit, defects per million opportunities, etc.). The research findings indicate that several tools that require a higher level of statistical understanding are used less frequently.

Research limitations/implications

The research study solely analyzed the measure phase tools within the Green Belt Six Sigma BOK. Other Six Sigma bodies of knowledge should be evaluated in their entirety.

Practical implications

Six Sigma training has been identified in previous research studies as a barrier to implementation. By identifying the most frequently used tools and determining that those tools are less statistically intensive, companies may be more inclined to adopt Six Sigma. Reducing the tools required to master to lead and carryout Six Sigma projects can also help to reduce the cost and time required for Six Sigma training.

Originality/value

Many studies have identified the lack of a standardized curriculum for Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma. This research serves to function as a supportive analysis in identifying the most optimal and useful tools to lead successful Six Sigma and process improvement projects and contributes to the journey of establishing a standardized Six Sigma training curriculum.

Details

International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, vol. 13 no. 2
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 2040-4166

Keywords

Article
Publication date: 24 July 2009

Christos Fotopoulos and Evagelos Psomas

The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of use of quality management tools and techniques as well as employees' training in ISO 9001:2000 certified companies.

3874

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the level of use of quality management tools and techniques as well as employees' training in ISO 9001:2000 certified companies.

Design/methodology/approach

A research project was carried out in 370 Greek companies, using the questionnaire method. The selected companies have been implementing a quality management system in accordance with the ISO 9001:2000 standard. Independent Samples t‐tests and One‐Way ANOVA tests were used to identify significant differences between selected companies.

Findings

The level of quality tools and techniques used in the ISO 9001:2000 certified companies can be characterised as low. The majority of companies use the easiest to understand and implement quality tools. However, the more complex quality tools and techniques are barely used. As far as employees' training is concerned, it mostly addressed specialized issues, while training on quality tools and techniques was not highly performed.

Research limitations/implications

The study was based on the quality manager's perceptions (subjective data) and it did not examine the reasons for not implementing and the difficulties encountered while implementing quality tools and techniques. These constitute research limitations but also future research orientations.

Practical implications

Given the increased rate of companies adopting a quality management system, continuous improvement through a Total Quality programme can be achieved through the implementation of quality tools and techniques.

Originality/value

This paper describes the implementation status of the quality tools and techniques in companies with a four‐year experience in ISO 9001:2000 standard.

Details

International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, vol. 58 no. 6
Type: Research Article
ISSN: 1741-0401

Keywords

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