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1 – 10 of 499Sitangshu Khatua and Ajanta Ghosh
This chapter is a study of the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues on credit rating in India. It will help issuers, investors, and other market…
Abstract
This chapter is a study of the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues on credit rating in India. It will help issuers, investors, and other market participants understand rating agencies' approach to incorporating the sustainability-related factors in its analysis. This will provide an overall perspective on the considerations that are usually the most important. Under environment considerations, climate change, waste recycling, air pollutants, and natural capital sustainability can be important factors. Social considerations are becoming more and more important among investors and consumers and are raising awareness about prosperous and failing communities. Moreover, COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the need for redirecting capital flows toward sustainable activities, making our economy and society more resilient against shocks. Governance factors primarily involve the corporate governance practices prevalent in the entity reflecting the different rights and responsibilities among its different stakeholders management, board of directors, employees, lenders, shareholders, customers, and suppliers. It also encompasses the corporate's business conduct and practices related to transparency and disclosure. This chapter will focus on the contemporary issues of including ESG in credit rating and what are the probable impacts of doing the same.
With favorable rating, companies can access international debt market easily. Moreover a favorable sovereign rating is beneficial for the overall economy of a country as better rating enables the government of the country to access the international debt market. Even capital allocation by foreign institutional investors increases which is beneficial for the equity market too.
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The study examines the impacts of debt financing on infrastructure development, investment, creation of new business entities, subsidies to private sector and GDP growth.
Abstract
Purpose
The study examines the impacts of debt financing on infrastructure development, investment, creation of new business entities, subsidies to private sector and GDP growth.
Design/methodology/approach
The methodology is based on five simultaneous equations which have been estimated through panel least square.
Findings
The most important conclusion of this study is the significant role of sovereign bonds in determination of subsidies to private sector. The role of domestic credit is important in South Asian context because of its significant role in creation of new businesses.
Research limitations/implications
This study supports the enhancement in credit financing to private sector for creation of new business activities in the economy.
Practical implications
The improvement in liquidity position by enhancing domestic credit facilities may ensure the sustainability and continuity of business activities. Such activities may improve GDP growth in future.
Social implications
The most important aspect of the study is to identify the role of debt financing in subsidies and creation of new businesses which are important elements of social economics.
Originality/value
Usually the impacts of sovereign bonds and external debts on infrastructure development and GDP growth are examined. But, to relate these debts to creation of business entities and subsidies is a new dimension.
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This chapter introduces what a digital ID is, why it is important, how it works, the design choices, as well as how central banks can collaborate with other stakeholders in…
Abstract
This chapter introduces what a digital ID is, why it is important, how it works, the design choices, as well as how central banks can collaborate with other stakeholders in promoting digital ID infrastructures for use in digital financial services.
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Manar Lootah, Kimberly Gleason, Deborah Smith and Taisier Zoubi
The purpose of this paper is to examine failures in internal and external controls associated with sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), using three caselets to illustrate the fraud…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine failures in internal and external controls associated with sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), using three caselets to illustrate the fraud triangle theory factors.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a qualitative research approach. Caselets are used to illustrate the fraud triangle factors associated with SWFs.
Findings
Ideally, SWFs would be characterized by opacity and the strategic flexibility to advance political goals, but this operational agility facilitates an environment ripe for fraud, in large part because there is little transparency with regard to their regulatory structure. Elements of the fraud triangle inherent in the structure of SWFs contribute to the fraud found in the three case examples.
Research limitations/implications
The authors use three SWF fraud cases rather than statistical sampling of all SWFs, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Future research should explore additional recommendations for the evaluation of SWF governance.
Practical implications
The overlap between public sector governance and SWF governance creates an environment amenable to fraud, and as a result, fraud has occurred in several SWFs. Governance recommendations should take into account the lessons learned from previous SWF fraud cases.
Social implications
Ideally, SWFs would be characterized by opacity and the strategic flexibility to advance political goals, but this operational agility may also facilitate an environment ripe for fraud, in large part because there is little transparency with regard to their regulatory structure.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to identify the fraud triangle risk factors associated with sovereign wealth funds using SWF fraud caselets.
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Camila Yamahaki and Catherine Marchewitz
Applying universal ownership theory and drawing on a multiplecase study design, this study aims to analyze what drives institutional investors to engage with government entities…
Abstract
Purpose
Applying universal ownership theory and drawing on a multiplecase study design, this study aims to analyze what drives institutional investors to engage with government entities and what challenges they find in the process.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors relied on document analysis and conducted 12 semi-structured interviews with representatives from asset owners, asset managers, investor associations and academia.
Findings
The authors identify a trend where investors conduct policy engagement to fulfill their fiduciary duty, improve investment risk management and create an enabling environment for sustainable investments. As for engagement challenges, investors report the longer-term horizon, a perceived limited influence toward governments, the need for capacity building for investors and governments, as well as the difficulty in accessing government representatives.
Originality/value
This research contributes to filling a gap in the literature on this new form of investor activism, as a growing number of investors engage with sovereign entities on environmental, social and governance issues.
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Debt issuance has risen across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), despite high global interest rates. Drivers include incentivising local capital market development and meeting…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB289441
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Lars Mjøset, Roel Meijer, Nils Butenschøn and Kristian Berg Harpviken
This study employs Stein Rokkan's methodological approach to analyse state formation in the Greater Middle East. It develops a conceptual framework distinguishing colonial…
Abstract
This study employs Stein Rokkan's methodological approach to analyse state formation in the Greater Middle East. It develops a conceptual framework distinguishing colonial, populist and democratic pacts, suitable for analysis of state formation and nation-building through to the present period. The framework relies on historical institutionalism. The methodology, however, is Rokkan's. The initial conceptual analysis also specifies differences between European and the Middle Eastern state formation processes. It is followed by a brief and selective discussion of historical preconditions. Next, the method of plotting singular cases into conceptual-typological maps is applied to 20 cases in the Greater Middle East (including Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey). For reasons of space, the empirical analysis is limited to the colonial period (1870s to the end of World War 1). Three typologies are combined into one conceptual-typological map of this period. The vertical left-hand axis provides a composite typology that clarifies cultural-territorial preconditions. The horizontal axis specifies transformations of the region's agrarian class structures since the mid-19th century reforms. The right-hand vertical axis provides a four-layered typology of processes of external intervention. A final section presents selected comparative case reconstructions. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time such a Rokkan-style conceptual-typological map has been constructed for a non-European region.
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JORDAN: Budget deficit will increase sovereign debt
Donia Aloui and Abderrazek Ben Maatoug
Over the last few years, the European Central Bank (ECB) has adopted unconventional monetary policies. These measures aim to boost economic growth and increase inflation through…
Abstract
Purpose
Over the last few years, the European Central Bank (ECB) has adopted unconventional monetary policies. These measures aim to boost economic growth and increase inflation through the bond market. The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the ECB’s quantitative easing (QE) on the investor’s behavior in the stock market.
Design/methodology/approach
First, the authors theoretically identify the transmission channels of the QE shocks to the stock market. Then, the authors empirically assess the financial market’s responses to QE shocks in a data-rich environment using a factor augmented VAR (FAVAR).
Findings
The results show that the ECB’s unconventional monetary policy positively affects the stock market. A QE shock leads to an increase in stock prices and a drop in the realized volatility and the implied risk premium. The authors also suggest that the ECB’s QE is transmitted to the stock market through five main channels: the liquidity, the expectation, the portfolio reallocation, the interest rates and the risk premium channels.
Practical implications
The findings help to better understand the behavior of stock market assets in a data-rich economic context and guide investors and policymakers in the presence of unconventional monetary tools. For instance, decision-makers and investors should consider the short-term effect of the QE interventions and the changing behavior of the financial actors over time. In addition, high stock market returns can increase risk appetite. This can lead investors to underestimate the market risk. Decision-makers and market participants should take into consideration the impact of the large injection of money through the QE, which may raise the risk of a speculative bubble in the financial market.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that incorporates a theoretical and empirical analysis to explore QE transmission to the stock market in the European context. Unlike previous studies, the authors use the shadow rate proposed by Wu and Xia (2017) to quantify the effect of the ECB’s QE in a data-rich environment. The authors also include two key risk indicators – the stock market risk premium and the realized volatility – to capture investors’ behavior in the stock market following QE shocks.
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