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This study aims to examine the long-term effects of adopting economic value added (EVA) as a compensation tool on managers’ behaviour.

The authors extend the sample used in prior studies both in the time and the cross-section dimensions.

The study conclusions are distinct from those offered by existing studies. The authors show that EVA adopters, relative to non-EVA adopters, increase the working capital cycle, use their assets less intensively and decrease their payouts to shareholders via a decrease in dividends and share repurchases. In investing decisions, the authors find a decrease in new investments, but no change in asset dispositions after the adoption of EVA compensation plans.

The study results highlight that the EVA adoption provides more incentives to reduce the total cost for capital rather than increasing operations and maximising shareholder wealth. The results also have implication for corporate management, particularly in the area of management compensation scheme design.

The chapter discusses Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) with appropriate theoretical framings with the intent of creating a deeper understanding and application of CSR theories in Ibero-America’s hospitality industry. The research method is a qualitative research approach relying on critical review of scholarly articles on CSR theories. The sourced articles were critically discussed and analysed to fit the needs of the hospitality industry in Ibero-America. The shareholder/agency, stakeholder, legitimacy, instrumental, social contract, conflict, green and communication theories were identified as the eight dominant theories of CSR with diverse applications in the hospitality industry. The CSR theories discussed are not exhaustive, as there are emerging theories that explicate CSR in different contexts. The implication is that better understanding and application of CSR theories would strengthen conceptual, theoretical and empirical research in Ibero-America. The CSR theories are useful sources of information for practitioners for designing corporate CSR policies as well as providing scholars with sound theoretical framework for academic research. The chapter is a novel attempt at bridging theory and practice in the field of CSR, as well enriching the understanding of this concept among both practitioners and scholars in Ibero-America.

With this issue of RSR we present the first of our annual subject surveys of new reference publications. Each survey is by a librarian who is actively involved in the selection and interpretation of reference materials in his subject field and thus is conversant with recent trends in publishing, pertinent bibliographic data bases, and emerging networks. Each is especially qualified to analyze these trends and to judge which reference books of the year past are outstanding. Mr. Balachandran, a reference librarian in the Commerce Library, University of Illinois, is primarily responsible for selecting reference materials and other monographic publications. He holds a master's degree in economics and a Juris Doctor from the University of Illinois. Jimmie Hoover, in addition to being Document Librarian at Louisiana State University since 1967, has edited recent editions of Bookman's Guide to Americana. In his survey of Documents reference he was assisted by Nancy demons, a colleague at LSU in the Documents Department, formerly Documents Librarian at Samford University Library in Birmingham, Alabama. Our specialist in children's reference, Alice Smith, has been until recently chair‐person of the Department of Library Science/Audio‐Visual Education at the University of South Florida. She is now devoting full time to teaching and writing. Dr. Smith has taught a wide range of courses in selection and reading guidance in the area of juvenile literature, including the History of Children's Literature, Building Library Collections, and Bibliotherapy. Jack Weigel has a B.S. in mathematics, a master's in physics and held successively the positions of Mathematics Librarian and Physics Librarian at Columbia University. He is now head of the Physics/Astronomy Library at the University of Michigan.

Compare and contrast how the accounting, organizational behavior and other literatures analyze sunk costs. Sunk costs form a key part of the decision-making component of the management accounting literature, which generally include previously incurred and unrecoverable costs. Management accountants believe, since current or future actions cannot change sunk costs, decision makers should ignore them. Thus, ongoing fixed costs or previously incurred sunk costs, while relevant for matters of accountability such as costing, income determination, and performance evaluation are irrelevant for most short- and long-term decisions. However, the organizational behavior literature indicates that sunk costs affect decision makers’ actions – especially their emotional attachments to the related project and the asymmetry of attitudes regarding the recognizing of losses and gains. Called the “sunk cost effect” or “sunk cost fallacy,” this conflict in sunk costs’ underlying nature reflects one element of incoherence in contemporary accounting discourse. We discuss this sunk cost conflict from an accounting and a philosophical perspective to denote some ambiguities that decision usefulness and accountability introduces into accounting discourse.

Review, summarize and analyze the above literatures

Managerial accountants can apply many lessons from the various literature sources.

We also show how differing opinions on how to treat sunk costs impact a firm’s decision-making process both economically and socially.

The purpose of this study is to deals with the effect of premixed dual metal sulfides (tin disulfide + iron disulfide) as a replacement for antimony trisulfide on the tribological performance of brake friction materials.

In this study, brake friction materials were developed by using premixed dual metal sulfides as a replacement for antimony trisulfide in the formulation. The brake friction materials were developed in the form of standard brake pads as per the industrial practice. Thermal stability was measured for varying ingredients and developed brake pads using thermogravimetric analysis. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the developed brake pads were tested as per the industrial standards. The tribological properties were analyzed using the Chase test as per SAE J661. Worn surface analysis was done using a scanning electron microscope.

The experimental results indicate that the brake pads filled with premixed dual metal sulfides had good thermal stability, physical, chemical and mechanical properties with stable friction and less wear rate due to better lubrication preventing friction undulations.

This paper explains the influence of premixed dual metal sulfides as a replacement for antimony trisulfide in brake pads formulation to enhance the tribological performance by preventing friction undulations.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-04-2020-0144/

Tooling is a common component of an industrial product’s manufacture. Specific tooling is devised to serve the fabrication of a particular product, while generic tooling can be used in the manufacture of multiple products. In the latter case, companies are confronted with the problem of fairly allocating the indirect costs of the tooling. This article studies how to allocate costs of generic tooling to single production orders.

Ten allocation methods (AMs) are described that are in principle suited to the distribution of generic tooling costs to production orders. Since the presented methods have for the most part been discussed in differing contexts, we apply them to a specified generic tooling problem for comparison. Evaluation of the various methods is based on 16 criteria. Reasoning is supported by a computational Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, we suggest using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to elaborate one final proposition concerning the most preferable allocation scheme.

The article reports the single allocation rules’ performances for different allocation scenarios. The described characteristics refer to fairness, efficiency, and simplicity as well as to empty-core performance. Using AHP analysis allows for the aggregation of the rules’ criteria ratings. Thus, especially suitable allocation schemes for the problem at hand are identified.

An allocation is required for budgeting reasons and also for the definition of projects’ bottom-up sales prices. Selecting the “right” AM is important, as a suboptimal AM can result in unfair allocation vectors, which will act as incentives to stop using the common resource, potentially leading to higher total costs.

Research on the comparison of AMs is typically performed for certain purposes, such as enterprise networks, horizontal cooperative purchasing scenarios, or municipal service units. This article will augment the research evaluating AMs by introducing a novel set of evaluation criteria and by providing an in-depth comparison of AMs suited for the allocation of generic tooling costs.

In this paper, it is established that the error and error derivative can be reduced to zero simultaneously and in the shortest possible time with at most one switching reversal of the relay, provided the initial values of error and error derivative fall in a controllable region.

The purpose of this paper is to deal with the tribological study on the brake pads developed using various purity-based graphitized graphite.

This paper deals with developing copper-free brake pads by using graphite as a key lubricant produced using a graphitization process with purity percentages (85, 90 and 95%). The brake pads were developed using traditional manufacturing processes and evaluated for their physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties as per industrial standards. Fade and recovery characteristics were analyzed using a full-scale inertia brake dynamometer as per JASO-C-406. The scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the worn surfaces of the brake pads.

The testing findings reveal that the brake pads with 95% graphitized graphite showed better shear strength with good adhesion levels and lesser density, hardness, acetone extract value, loss on ignition and higher porosity. Effectiveness studies of brake pads with graphite (95% graphitized) showed better results at higher pressure speed conditions than others because of better plateau formation and adequate lubrication.

This paper discusses graphitized graphite of different purity influences brake pad's tribological performance by modifying tribo-films and reducing friction undulations.

This study aims to compare the influence of different solid lubricants on the friction stability of a non-asbestos disc brake pad.

Three brake pads were developed using three lubricants, namely, non-asbestos brake pad with sulfide mix (NASM), non-asbestos brake pad with bismuth sulfide (NABS) and non-asbestos brake pad with molybdenum disulfide (NAMO). Sulfide mix was indigenously developed by physically mixing friction modifiers, alkaline earth chemicals and various metallic sulfides homogeneously dispersed in graphite medium. The physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of brake pads were characterized as per industrial standards. The tribological performances were studied using the Chase testing machine as SAE-J661-2012. The worn surface of the pads was studied using scanning electron microscope to analyze the dominating wear mechanism.

NASM was excellent in fade as well as wear resistance. NABS was better from a wear point of view, but fade resistance was moderate despite its higher cost. NAMO fared average in fade and wear despite its excellent dry lubricating properties. NASM was excellent in terms of fade as well as wear resistance.

Among the selected metal sulfides, the indigenously developed sulfide mix was better than the other two sulfides, which indicates that the synergetic effect of metal sulfides was always preferable to the individual sulfides.