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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the significant difference between the performance of the Indian banks in pre coronavirus disease (COVID 19) and post COVID 19 periods. Further, it explores the impact of COVID 19 on the profitability of the Indian banks by investigating variation between the non-performing assets (NPAs) and the net profit of the banks during pre and post COVID 19 periods.

Need of the study: The COVID 19 outbreak has affected various industries including Indian banks which reported an increase in NPAs, and demand for credit which in turn impacted profitability. This study was carried out to examine the impact of COVID 19 outbreak on Indian banking sector.

Methodology: This study uses different banks’ NPA and net profits performance to examine the effect of COVID 19 on banks’ overall performance. The data have been collected from secondary sources, commercial websites, and websites of Indian banks (private and public sectors). t-Test was used to analyse the data.

Findings: Among public sector banks, Canara Bank was found to have a significant difference in net profit in the pre and post COVID 19 periods. In private sector banks, HDFC Bank showed a significant difference in the net profit in pre and post COVID 19 periods. For NPAs, all private banks showed no significant difference in pre and post COVID 19 period results.

Implications: The study revealed that both private and public sector banks in India were mildly affected by pandemic and most of them are significantly reporting no difference in net profit and NPAs during pre and post COVID 19 periods.

The values and trends of the credit–deposit (C-D) ratio in countries and the states within them depend on several factors. Two such factors that the present study considers are the banks’ loanable funds locked under the heads of non-performing assets (NPA) and governments’ securities investments. Increases in the amounts of NPA and securities investments usually lead to a decrease in the allocations of bank credit to real investment purposes, such as industrial, service and agricultural activities and vice versa. On this background, this chapter examines the trends in bank credit in relation to the NPA and securities investments in the states of India and tries to find out the real cause of concern on the falling trends in the C-D ratio in the post-banking reform phase. We may now summarize that the falling C-D ratio or the rising quantity of flight of credit to the real sectors is closely associated with the banks’ investment of extra amount on securities over their statutory limits. This study finds that the NPA ratio at all-India levels is gradually declining while the investments on securities are increasing during the post-reform period. Such a craze behind this investment has an inevitable effect on the magnitude of credit delivery to the commodity-producing sectors. This means that the NPA threat is not a real threat to explain the downward trend of C-D ratio but the magnitude of security investments in both the central and state governments is a real threat and the downward trend of the C-D ratio is the result of this fact. Even though banks are safe in terms of their returns, the scenarios are not good for the rest of the economy as it creels their sustainability.

The twenty-first century is noted globally as the urban century because more than half of the world's population lives in cities. This population is projected to increase to 70% by 2050. South Africa is no exception to this phenomenal increase in urban population. More than 60% of South African population lives in urban areas, and this figure is projected to increase to 71.3% and 80% by 2030 and 2050, respectively. Access to human settlement by this teaming population remains a challenge. The problem of access to human settlement is compounded by historical apartheid's spatial geography characterized by racial segregation, fragmentation of urban space and separate development. During the apartheid period, settlement patterns were designed and planned in accordance with racial differentiation. This resulted in fragmented, segregated and dysfunctional residential settlements pattern that forced many people to travel long distances between place of work and home. Since 1994, the various housing policies, programmes and legislations have not been able to find solution to the spatial challenges that South Africa faces. The objective of this book is to investigate and unravel mixed-income housing development planning strategy and how this housing typology with a new framework can bring about spatial integration, inclusive cities, improved access to services and the promotion of social cohesion and economic inclusion. This book utilized the case study research design and employed the Delphi method for the investigation. The findings reveal that proper coordination across all sectors of government and good working relationship between the private and public sectors will increase the sustainability of mixed-income housing development. This study also supports existing theory that mixed-income housing might not be able to bring about the overall social integration, and solve all housing problems but has the unique tendency and potential in the South African case to address spatial imbalances by increasing the affordability of low-cost housing. This book concludes that there is need for both inter-sectoral and intergovernmental collaboration as well as proper coordination/adequate urban planning policies to address the increasing human settlement challenges in South Africa and for effective implementation of mixed-income housing development.

Scholars have pointed out the need for improvement and refinement in public management research, also depending on the role of public administration for sustainable development. Because government organizations employ a substantial portion of the workforce, management practices in the public sector are critical areas for designing, implementing and delivering policies that can achieve the goals set forth in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. For these purposes, and in implementation of the Next Generation EU (NGEU) programme, Italy recently launched an ambitious National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) which includes, among other things, upskilling goals for staff employed, following the modernization process that has involved the Italian public sector in the last decades, with the Decree n. 150/2009. Aiming both to understand the extent of the application of the reform and to answer some basic questions (why, what and how) concerning Individual Performance Appraisal Systems (IPAS), we conducted a content analysis on the 220 documents already produced by the Italian Ministries. The study has been conducted in two different steps of the reform process and provides solid evidence of the reforms' effects on designing and implementing individual performance systems. The analyzed documents reveal no longer-term vision in implementing the IPAS that involves some critical performance management utilities such as training, development, fair pay and deployment of employees, raising new questions about a sustainable approach to the individual performance management process even in public organizations.