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The purpose of this paper is to examine antecedents and consequences of parental involvement and over-parenting as it relates to college students’ college experiences and workplace expectations.

An online survey was completed by 482 undergraduate college students; the survey contained questions about parenting behaviors, personality and demographic items, and workplace scenarios to which participants responded.

Statistical analyses revealed that over-parenting was more common when college students lived at home and had fewer siblings. Additionally, over-parenting (but not parental involvement) was associated with lower student self-efficacy as well as maladaptive responses to workplace scenarios.

Data are correlational and were collected from students only. Future longitudinal research that includes the parent and employer perspective is needed.

This is one of the first studies to empirically examine the antecedents and outcomes associated with over-parenting. Over-parenting is assessed in relation to college and workplace outcomes.

Drawing from life course theory, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating role of family influence on career development (FICD) on the relationship of helicopter-parenting (over-parenting behavior) and US millennials’ work attitudes.

In Study 1 (n=268), confirmatory factor analysis was tested on all scales to derive fit models. Mediation analyses using PROCESS (Preacher and Hayes, 2004) were conducted on Study 1 and Study 2 (n=196) on survey collected data sets.

Capturing life course theorists’ proposition that parental involvement now extends itself through childhood and into millennials’ adulthood, results from both studies indicate helicopter-parenting is related to FICD. Further, for both studies, information support (FICD factor) positively mediates the relationship between helicopter-parenting and, affective commitment and job satisfaction, and negatively mediates the relationship between helicopter-parenting and turnover intentions. Additionally, direct effects on helicopter-parenting on work outcomes were found in both studies.

CEOs and managers seem perplexed on how to manage millennial workers. Understanding the co-occurring positive and negative effects of the millennial-parent relationship on work attitudes can help alleviate this conundrum to create better supervision, retention and engagement of millennial workers.

This study contributes to the sparse empirical literature on millennial’s work attitudes and is the first to provide empirical evidence of the role parents play in shaping millennial’s work attitudes. The findings highlight the concerns CEOs have in managing their millennial workers via their parental relationship and provide insightful management strategies.

Purpose – The purpose of this chapter is to present data regarding the effects of unrealistic expectations and external constraints – such as work structure and socialization – on parents’ construction of work and family roles during their early years of parenting.

Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on Bowen's family systems theory and involves a two-stage panel study. Thirty-six expectant parents were surveyed and interviewed. Five years later, 28 of these parents were studied a second time.

Findings – This study reveals poignant areas where parents have unrealistic expectations that require reconstruction of their roles. These areas include work changes, domestic responsibilities, leisure time, and parental conflict. Parents who worked as a team, rather than in opposition, were most successful in rebalancing their separateness/belonging needs.

Research limitations/implications – The small, nonrandom sample suggests caution in generalizing the findings. The value of the sample lies in that the study reveals viewpoints that can go undetected and unreported in large, randomized samples.

Practical implications – Study results should help family members, and professionals who work with families, to better deal with the often competing challenges of employment and family demands and, in turn, improve well-being for children, parents, and families.

Social implications – This study's findings provide a basis for assessing, improving, and developing policies for parents.

Originality/value – Both data sets are original. The results from this study inform our understandings about expectations in the transition to parenthood.

The purpose of this study was to describe any patterns of distinctive sociocultural adaptation in the form of exchanges of time and money between American households, and to determine whether any observed racial or ethnic differences remain after controlling for social background characteristics. We tested one dimension of the sociocultural adaptation hypothesis — Through processes of distinctive sociocultural adaptation, minority group members learn to survive by adjusting behaviors, values, and informal organization in response to demands and stressors in their social environment. The focal adaptation in our study involved instrumental and expressive exchanges between households. The findings showed that minority groups on average were less likely to participate in instrumental and expressive exchanges between households as compared to the majority group. The study involved a secondary analysis of data collected in 1987–1988 as part of the National Survey of Families and Households (N= 13,017). Logistic regression was used to test for racial and ethnic variations in a multivariate context.

The potentially highly automated process of surface mounting electronic components directly onto a substrate or printed circuit board possesses a very weak link. Component movement subsequent to placement and before or during solder reflow leads to defect conditions such as tombstoning or rotational misalignment. This work investigates the feasibility of replacing this ‘weak’ assembly step(s) with ultrasonics. The selection and modification of suitable ultrasonic equipment is described as in the bonding of chip components onto PCBs. Reliability analysis of the resultant bonds along with bond quality in terms of shear strength and appearance under scanning electron microscope and optical microscope is studied. The results show that, with certain preferred directions of ultrasonic weld, weld preload and weld time bond strengths obtained compare very favourably with those achieved with the present surface mount technology reflow process, hence establishing the feasibility of ultrasonics for this application.

Health is becoming an increasingly important issue in the UK as well as the rest of Europe. Emphasis on the importance of healthy eating is ongoing for many reasons, including the growing concern about childhood obesity resulting in the ban of advertising of unhealthy foods to children in the UK in April 2007. However, although legislation has been placed upon the advertising of unhealthy food products, no such restrictions have been placed on the packaging of children's foods despite the influence of packaging on consumer buyer decisions. This paper aims to investigate the effect of packaging on children's product preferences and its ability to influence parents' buyer decision in‐store.

The study was approached from the parents' rather than the children's perspective. A quantitative approach was adopted in data collection, using a 28 item Likert scaled questionnaire administered to 150 parents, with over 95 percent response rate.

The study shows that packaging does affect the product preferences of children. Also, children are particularly interested in influencing the purchase of unhealthy foods. However, parents within the study claimed that they did not succumb to their children's requests for the purchase of unhealthy food, which contradicts evidence from previous findings.

The claim by parents that they did not succumb to their children's requests for unhealthy food contradicts findings from previous research. This therefore leads to a recommendation for further studies as social desirability bias may have influenced the outcomes of the findings.

Findings from this study can be applied within the retail and service marketing sector to provide the practitioner with information relevant to decision making on children's influence on parents buyer behavior in‐store. Outcomes of the study are also important when considering the future of children's food marketing and tackling the issue of childhood obesity.

The paper demonstrates that there is a relationship between packaging and children product preferences and children's influence on parents' buyer decision in‐store.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of family and friends on teenage smoking behaviour in Greece, as distinct from tobacco marketing, against the background of relevant literature and previous studies elsewhere.

A total of 100 Greeks between the ages of 16 and 19 were interviewed in coffee shops and fast‐food restaurants, using a questionnaire combining structured questions with opportunities for free discussion during completion. Respondent anonymity was preserved.

The paper is in keeping with intentionally exploratory research objectives. Selected findings are reported and discussed, without full tabulation of all results. With that proviso, the paper concludes that smoking among Greek teenagers is strongly influenced by family and friends: roughly one in ten were offered a cigarette by a relative; two‐thirds came from families containing at least some smokers, with only two with no friends who smoked. Evidence is stronger among smokers in the sample than non‐smokers. A tentative conclusion, therefore, is that experimentation and continuation is an outcome of consumer socialization.

The sample was relatively small and stated intent exploratory. A key feature is the social context in which behaviour was investigated. Further research is needed, to improve the rigour of conclusions, which are nonetheless interestingly indicative.

The paper provides potentially useful insights and directions of further enquiry for marketing planners, advertising strategists, brand managers, market researchers, social marketers and health campaigners, and for academics who work with them.

The paper examines a widely investigated phenomenon in a social environment distinctively different from the European norm, in the smoking context.

Annual increases in the number of parenting referrals made to a learning disability team over a ten‐year period led to this audit. The increase in the number of these referrals highlights a growing need for services to support parents with learning disabilities, to ensure that children remain in the family home wherever possible. Previous research has identified several factors that may reduce a learning‐disabled parent's ability to parent his or her children effectively, including social and familial issues. This audit aimed to examine the relationship between parents' demographics and children's outcomes, specifically whether children were removed from the family home. Information was gathered from the files of both the learning disability team and social services, and involved all parenting referrals made to this team between 1994 and 2003. The findings of this audit suggest that the earlier services can become involved with parents, the better the outcomes for their children will be. If services do not become involved early on, the children are more likely to have developmental problems, and once child protection proceedings have begun there is a very high likelihood that children will be removed from the family home.

Active noise control (ANC) became in the last decade a very popular technique for controlling low‐frequency noise. The increase in its popularity was a consequence of the rapid development in the fields of computers in general, and more specifically in digital signal processing boards. ANC systems are application specific and therefore they should be optimally designed for each application. Even though the physical background of the ANC systems is well‐known and understood, tools for the optimization of the sensor and actuator configurations of the ANC system based on classical optimization methods do not perform as required. This is due to the nature of the problem that allows the calculation of the effect of the ANC system only when the sensor and actuator configurations are specified. An additional difficulty in this problem is that the sensor and the actuator configurations cannot be optimized independently, since the effect of the ANC system is directly involved in the combined sensor and actuator configuration. For the solution of this problem several intelligent techniques were applied. In this paper the successful application of a genetic algorithm, an optimization technique that belongs to the broad class of evolutionary algorithms, is presented.