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1 – 10 of 52Keith Graham Debbage and Shaylee Bowen
The entrepreneurial process is a result of an interaction between an individual entrepreneur and the surrounding entrepreneurial ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to…
Abstract
Purpose
The entrepreneurial process is a result of an interaction between an individual entrepreneur and the surrounding entrepreneurial ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether US metropolitan areas with disproportionately high shares of entrepreneurs are systematically linked to particular attributes of the entrepreneurial support system?
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, non-farm proprietorship (NFP) employment data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis is used as a dependent variable proxy for entrepreneurship. NFP data are widely used in the entrepreneurship literature. Data on all independent variables were obtained from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey and the Bureau of Labor Statistics by metropolitan area and subject to a stepwise linear regression analysis.
Findings
The relative share of NFP employment by metropolitan area exhibited a strong positive relationship with percentage of employment in finance, insurance and real estate, median age, percentage of Hispanic population and median home value. It is argued that the combination of significant predictors captures both out-of-necessity self-employment (e.g. low-skilled Hispanic and aging populations) and a self-employment of opportunity (e.g. access to capital).
Practical implications
Public policies focused on nurturing entrepreneurial ecosystems must account for these divergent explanatory frameworks when attempting to encourage NFP employment.
Originality/value
The paper has an explicit spatial context that tends to be overlooked in the traditional entrepreneurship literature. The focus on out-of-necessity versus opportunity-based entrepreneurship, and how it is shaped by some key predictors at the metropolitan scale, is a relatively new angle.
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Nichole M. Bignall and Keith G. Debbage
Some US counties are more likely to generate entrepreneurial opportunities than others. This paper aims to determine the linkages between US counties with disproportionately high…
Abstract
Purpose
Some US counties are more likely to generate entrepreneurial opportunities than others. This paper aims to determine the linkages between US counties with disproportionately high shares of entrepreneurs and specific attributes of the entrepreneurial support system.
Design/methodology/approach
Non-farm proprietorship (NFP) has been used as a proxy for entrepreneurship and self-employment. NFP employment data were collected from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis by county. Data on all independent variables were obtained from the US Census and Bureau of Economic Analysis by county and subject to stepwise linear regression analysis.
Findings
Results revealed a strong positive relationship between the percent of NFP employment by county and the percent real estate, rental and leasing employment and construction employment as well as percent Hispanic and median age.
Practical implications
In attempting to encourage NFP employment, policymakers should be more aware of the key predictors that shape county-wide entrepreneurial ecosystems to enhance competitive advantage. Better understanding of the needs and experiences of different types of entrepreneurs and ecosystems can enhance overall quality of life and economic opportunity levels in a community.
Originality/value
The explicit spatial context of this paper has sometimes been overlooked in the traditional entrepreneurship literature, as such, this paper helps fill that gap. The findings provide a disaggregated analysis that can help better understand the key predictors that can drive the local choices of entrepreneurs and help local policymakers to build more competitive communities.
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Nichole M. Bignall and Keith G. Debbage
Some US counties are more likely to generate entrepreneurial opportunities. This paper aims to determine whether US micropolitan counties with disproportionately high nonfarm…
Abstract
Purpose
Some US counties are more likely to generate entrepreneurial opportunities. This paper aims to determine whether US micropolitan counties with disproportionately high nonfarm proprietorship (NFP) employment levels are systematically linked to specific attributes of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. A limited amount of research has been conducted on the geography of entrepreneurship in small to medium-sized micropolitan counties where rates of growth and change can be quite dramatic.
Design/methodology/approach
NFP employment data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) is used as a dependent variable proxy for entrepreneurship. NFP data are widely used in the entrepreneurship literature. Data on all independent variables were obtained from the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey and BEA by county and subject to stepwise linear regression.
Findings
Results revealed a strong positive relationship between the percent of NFP employment by micropolitan county and percent construction employment, percent real estate, and rental and leasing employment, and the percent elderly. It is argued that the combination of predictors captures primarily a self-employment of opportunity (e.g., thriving land and real estate markets).
Practical implications
In attempting to encourage NFP employment, policymakers should be more alert to the key predictors that shape micropolitan entrepreneurial ecosystems when attempting to enhance competitive advantage in small- to medium-sized communities. Better understanding how micropolitan counties function relative to larger metropolitan places can help local policymakers more efficiently enhance the overall quality of life in smaller communities.
Originality/value
The focus on smaller micropolitan communities and the explicit spatial context of this paper has sometimes been overlooked in the traditional entrepreneurship literature and this research helps to fill that gap.
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Taylor Witte, Eric A DeVuyst, Brian Whitacre and Rodney Jones
Farm Credit is a major provider of credit to agricultural producers in Oklahoma and nationally. The decision to place a new Farm Credit office reduces borrower search and travel…
Abstract
Purpose
Farm Credit is a major provider of credit to agricultural producers in Oklahoma and nationally. The decision to place a new Farm Credit office reduces borrower search and travel costs and should increase loan volume. The purpose of this paper is to model the new loan volume as function of distance from east central Oklahoma county centroids to Farm Credit offices. The model is then used to predict the impact of placing new offices in underserved areas.
Design/methodology/approach
County aggregate new loan volume is regressed on distances to Farm Credit branch and field offices and other variables expected to impact agricultural loan volume. The estimated model is used to predict new loan volume impact of adding additional branch and field offices in counties that did not have these offices. Confidence intervals are used to measure the significance of predicted loan volumes.
Findings
Distances from county centroids to both branch and field offices were found to significantly reduce new loan volume. The results were used to simulate the addition of new branch and field offices. The simulation predicted the added annual new loan volume associated with office additions.
Practical implications
Using spatial models, Farm Credit of east central Oklahoma and other agricultural lenders can better plan for expansion (or consolidation). These models indicate counties where annual new loan volume will likely be higher (or lower for consolidation) than other nearby counties. The result can be improved borrower access and system financial performance.
Originality/value
While spatial modeling has been utilized in other sectors, little has been done relative to agricultural credit access and impact on loan volume. The model here explicitly models the impact that distance to Farm Credit offices have on annual new loan volume.
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Robert D. Hisrich and Zhang Fan
To be a woman entrepreneur is a new and extremely fascinatingvocation throughout the world, but particularly in a country such asChina. Women entrepreneurs in China have…
Abstract
To be a woman entrepreneur is a new and extremely fascinating vocation throughout the world, but particularly in a country such as China. Women entrepreneurs in China have significantly increased in number since 1978. This article presents the business status, individual background, and social context of China′s women entrepreneurs by analysing the information from a survey of 50 women entrepreneurs in the country. The information provides the basis of the discussion of the present status and future of women entrepreneurs in China.
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Valentina Hartarska, Denis Nadolnyak and Nisha Sehrawat
This paper identifies factors that affect entry and exit of beginning, young and women farmers and ranchers.
Abstract
Purpose
This paper identifies factors that affect entry and exit of beginning, young and women farmers and ranchers.
Design/methodology/approach
The empirical framework is fixed effects regression analysis that uses county level data to evaluate how barriers to entry, access to and use of credit, local economic environment, and climate affect entry and exit of Beginning Farmers and Ranchers (BFRs). The dataset is assembled from several sources matching the Census of Agriculture years for the period of 1997–2017.
Findings
Results show that new farmers are more likely to enter in counties with more and smaller farms and with lower farm productivity, indicating that BFRs have the potential to improve the overall productivity in such counties if able to grow and succeed. The results also indicate that the high capital intensity nature of farming is an effective barrier to entry. BFRs are more likely to do better in counties where agriculture is more important to the economy and with more off-farm work opportunities. The net entry is positively associated with higher input/output price index and the use of insurance but is unaffected by government payments and farm and off-farm income. The authors observe substitutability between farming and alternative self-employment for more entrepreneurial young people. Net entry increases with availability of non-real-estate loans but decreases with real estate credit. Thus, for BFRs to acquire the assets needed to reach optimal scale, access to credit remains essential.
Originality/value
The authors are not aware of other work that estimates how barriers to entry and other economic factors including access to credit affect entry and exit of BFRs of various ages and young and women farmers using the Census of Agriculture data up to 2017.
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Candida G. Brush and Robert D. Hisrich
This study explores the relationship between the antecedentinfluences – composed of personal background, educational andoccupational experiences, motivations, skills and…
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between the antecedent influences – composed of personal background, educational and occupational experiences, motivations, skills and knowledge, of women entrepreneurs and the growth of their ventures. Findings from this longitudinal study shows experience, business skills, and personal factors do affect the future growth of women‐owned enterprises.
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James Alma, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez and Friedrich Schneiderb
Eric Liguori, Christoph Winkler, Diana Hechavarria and Julian Lange
Candida G. Brush, Patricia G. Greene and Friederike Welter
The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief history of the evolution of the Diana Project and the Diana International Research Conference. The authors examine the impact of…
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief history of the evolution of the Diana Project and the Diana International Research Conference. The authors examine the impact of the publications, conferences and research contributions and consider key factors in the success of this collaborative research organization. They discuss the ongoing legacy, suggesting ways to extend this into the future.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses an historical narrative and a citation analysis.
Findings
The Diana Project was founded by five women professors in 1999 with the purpose of investigating women’s access to growth capital. Following a series of academic articles, and numerous presentations, the first Diana International Conference was held in Stockholm, Sweden. At this convening, 20 scholars from 13 countries shared their knowledge of women’s entrepreneurship, venture creation and growth, culminating in the first volume of the Diana Book Series. Since then, 14 international conferences have been held, resulting in 10 special issues of top academic journals and 11 books. More than 600 scholars have attended or participated in Diana conferences or publications.
Research limitations/implications
Contributions from the Diana International Conferences’ special issues of journals and books have advanced theory across topics, levels, geographies and methods. Articles emerging from Diana scholars are some of the top contributions about women’s entrepreneurship and gender to the field of entrepreneurship. Future research directions are included.
Practical implications
This analysis demonstrates the success of a unique woman-focused collaborative research initiative and identifies key success factors, suggesting how these might be expanded in the future.
Social implications
To date, more than 600 scholars have participated in the Diana International Conferences or publications. Diana is the only community dedicated to rigorous and relevant research about gender and women’s entrepreneurship. Going forward, efforts to expand work on education for women’s entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurship faculty and careers, and women entrepreneurs, gender and policy will take place to extend this legacy.
Originality/value
The paper is unique in that it is the first to show the substantial legacy and impact of the Diana project since its inception in 1999. Further, it demonstrates how a feminist approach to entrepreneurial principles can yield insights about this unique research initiative and collaborative organization.
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