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This study aims to investigate the influence of perceived risk, including financial, functional, aesthetic, sanitary, psychological and social risks, on the intention to purchase second-hand clothing (SHC) between SHC consumers and non-SHC consumers based on perceived risk theory.

A total of 290 responses were collected, with 110 from SHC consumers and 180 from non-SHC consumers. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to validate the hypotheses. Additionally, a permutation test and multigroup analysis (MGA) were performed.

The findings indicate that different types of risk have varying effects on both SHC and non-SHC consumers’ intention to purchase SHC. In particular, financial, aesthetic and social risks are found to be significant predictors of purchase intention for SHC consumers. By contrast, sanitary and psychological risks are significant predictors of purchase intention for non-SHC consumers. Furthermore, the MGA results indicate a significant difference between SHC consumers and non-SHC consumers in the relationship between financial risk, social risk and purchase intention.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of different types of risk on the intention to purchase SHC in both SHC and non-SHC consumers. The findings will provide practitioners with practical insights for developing more effective strategies to target these two distinct consumer groups.

The Equal Pay Act 1970 (which came into operation on 29 December 1975) provides for an “equality clause” to be written into all contracts of employment. S.1(2) (a) of the 1970 Act (which has been amended by the Sex Discrimination Act 1975) provides:

Purpose – This chapter investigates the role that mandatory genetically modified (GM) labeling versus voluntary labeling has played in the split between those countries with small GM markets and those with large GM markets.

Methodology/approach – Data on product introductions and other market evidence are used to examine market outcomes and identify the likely drivers of GM market bifurcation.

Findings – Labeling has negligible effects on consumer choice or on GM differentiation costs and therefore does not explain the split in GM market outcomes. Other factors have driven market outcomes: namely, consumer confidence in government and the safety of the food supply, competition among manufacturers and retailers, market momentum, and most importantly, the affordability of a non-GM strategy. Ultimately, a non-GM market strategy is feasible only if consumers are willing to cover the additional costs associated with non-GM production and marketing. The two elements composing the cost/price wedge between GM and non-GM products – the cost-reducing benefits of the GM technology and the costs of differentiating non-GM products – therefore play an important role in market outcomes. In the mid-1990s, when producers, manufacturers, and retailers were determining their strategies, neither element was very large. As a result, both GM and non-GM marketing strategies were economically feasible.

Practical implication – Regardless of the labeling regime, changes in the cost/price wedge between GM and non-GM products could change the mix of GM and non-GM products on the market.

Originality/value of paper – This analysis extends the literature by focusing on the impact of labeling regime on both consumer behavior and the cost/price wedge between GM and non-GM products.

This study aims to examine the halal brand image, halal logo and halal awareness of non-Muslim customers on attitude and behavioral intention.

This study uses a quantitative survey approach to 400 respondents consisting of 400 non-Muslim millennials in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore who have to buy halal cosmetics two years later. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The analysis technique used in this study is structural equation modeling.

This study showed that halal logo, halal awareness and halal brand image have an effect on customer attitude. Then, the halal logo, halal awareness and halal brand image have an influence on behavioral intention. The existence of this positive signal has provided a great opportunity for businesses to make profits by meeting the demand for the halal market. Consumption of halal cosmetics produced by manufacturers attracts many non-Muslim consumers because of the safety, comfort and cleanliness of product ingredients, which of them must be given by the halal product, especially for cosmetics.

This study broadens the understanding of the attitudes and behavioral intentions of non-Muslim consumers toward halal cosmetic products. Furthermore, this research has provided a deeper interpretation of non-Muslim understanding of halal logos, halal brand images and halal awareness which have been minimal in research studies.

This study contributes to the literature related to the behavioral intentions of millennial non-Muslim consumers for halal cosmetics. Therefore, respondents in the study were specific, that is, non-Muslims who are millennial generation in the Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore context.

This study aims to investigate the determinant factors that consumers may consider in buying halal packaged food produced by non-Muslim manufacturers.

This paper develops a seven-constructs-based model. Halal awareness, Islamic brand and product ingredients are used as the pre-determined factors for measuring consumer’s purchase intention.

The hypotheses which were tested using partial least squares have revealed that halal awareness and product ingredients have significantly influenced Muslims’ intention to buy halal packaged food that are produced by non-Muslim manufacturers. The findings show that the religious belief, exposure and certification/logo are potential sources of Muslim awareness about halal packaged food from non-Muslim manufacturers.

This research is also not exempted from its limitations. The data collected for the current study investigate general purchase toward halal products. It would be interesting if future researchers examine consumers’ purchase intention toward specific halal products for specific product categories. A comparative study is also worthy of being steered, as such a study is beneficial for producers and marketers of the halal industry.

As an overall implication, this study will provide a valuable and important information for non-Muslim halal packaged food manufacturers in identifying the appropriate strategy to fulfill the needs and wants of Muslim consumers at best. It is sufficed to suggest that the Muslim community has adopted halal food from non-Islamic brands as part of their lifestyle choice. Clearly, this gives implications to non-Muslim halal food producers. Thus, it is critical for food manufacturers to increase the level of awareness toward halal products by providing sufficient and interesting information, especially on halal certification. Hence, the manufacturer must take the opportunity to do intensive promotion to encourage more consumers to purchase their products.

This paper examines consumer purchase intention toward non-Muslim packed food manufactures in Saudi Arabia. It is critical for non-Muslim packed halal food manufacturers to increase the level of awareness toward halal products by providing sufficient and interesting information, especially on halal certification.

The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of consumer's propensity to choose non‐conventional treatment protocols using control theory as the theoretical framework.

Data were collected from a consumer panel using a self‐administered questionnaire. The sample consisted of 350 US‐based “Baby Boomer” consumers.

The results of this study indicate that consumers' health locus of control self‐efficacy, and neuroticism impact their propensity to use non‐conventional treatments. Contrary to previous studies, consumers' health value was not a significant moderator except in the case of internal health locus of control.

The findings of this study provide guidance to public policy makers, health care providers, and managers of the conventional and non‐conventional pharmaceutical industries. Specially, the results reify the importance of the collaborative efforts of public policy makers and health care practitioners alike to proactively inform consumers of the issues underlying unsupervised use of non‐conventional medications. The results suggest greater governance is needed to control the marketing of non‐conventional medications. Overall, this research provides prescriptive guidance for marketers of both non‐conventional and conventional treatments, suggesting how better promotional and integrated communications may effectively serve their target markets.

The paper examines an unexplored yet rapidly growing consumption behavior in the USA: the unprecedented use of non‐conventional treatments. Evaluation of this consumer trend has largely focused on demographic factors relative to adopters (and non‐adopters). Control theory affords a conceptual foundation for exploring individual‐level factors that have been overlooked in previous empirical studies.

This study aims to examine factors affecting the adoption of Islamic banking (IB), which is an innovative and emerging form of banking, in a non-Islamic Sub-Saharan African (SSA) country.

It used primary data collected from a cross-section of 975 respondents using self-administered structured questionnaire. Empirical data were analysed using SPSS version 16 and partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) for Muslim and non-Muslim groups.

Consumer attitude, readiness to comply with Sharia law, knowledge, perceived innovativeness and perceived benefits were critical determinants of bank customers’ intention to adopt IB in both Muslim and non-Muslim sub-groups. The least influential factors were perceived religion effect (PRE) and perceived threat of violence (PTV). PTV was not a significant factor to non-Muslims, but it was a significantly negative factor to Muslims’ intentions to adopt IB. PRE has a positive influence on Muslims’ intention to adopt IB, but it has a negative effective on non-Muslims’ adoption intentions.

This study is limited to only bank customers in Ghana. Moreover, service quality factors were not included in the research model because IB is yet to be given full-fledged operational license in Ghana. Future research should extend the study to other emerging countries to improve the generalizability of the findings.

Policymakers are encouraged to develop stakeholder-oriented strategies to promote effective consumer education in IB. Also, IB institution should endeavour to develop innovative financial products that are Sharia-compliant and economically beneficial to individual and business needs of bank customers. Moreover, policymakers and management of IB institutions should ensure effect governance structures to guide IB operations.

This study provides initial structural equation modelling of determinants of IB adoption in emerging countries and provides empirical evidence on the spread of IB in non-Islamic SSA, which is an under-researched area. It is the first study to empirically report on the influence of PTV, readiness to compliance Sharia law and perceived innovativeness of IB on intentions to adopt IB in non-Islamic SSA context.

The purpose of this paper is to identify and investigate the awareness level of non-Muslim consumers to purchasing halal food products. Research on the non-Muslim consumers’ awareness towards purchasing halal food products is poorly understood so far in South Africa.

An exploratory case study was adopted to explore new points of views about a particular issue, which is unknown, or not much known about it, to formulate ideas or propositions. Semi-structured interviews were the major primary data collection method. Four non-Muslim consumers from different settings purposively were selected. Thematic data analysis procedures were used.

The study found that non-Muslim consumers in Cape Town have a positive awareness of halal food, including its benefits and the production processes involved in producing it. The study also concluded that halal is not merely a commercial name using as a trademark in the global market. However, halal has several dimensions; primarily, for non-Muslim consumers, it is a mark of health and hygiene. With regard to psychological aspect, halal is considered as a sign of trust, comfortable and safe. It gives consumers a peace of mind when they consume food products that carry the halal label.

Limitations in the study should be acknowledged. The main limitation of the study is that a small sample size was selected for this study. Another limitation is that the study was only conducted in the city of Cape Town.

This is the first qualitative study of its kind that presents an empirical evidence about the awareness of the non-Muslim consumers towards purchasing halal food products in South Africa, in general, and in Cape Town, in particular.

International restaurant and fast food chains such as KFC, McDonald’s and Subway currently serve halal food in some non-Muslim countries, with mixed results. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that most influence the product judgements of halal food amongst non-Muslim consumers in non-Muslim countries and to assess the extent to which these judgements are related to willingness to consume halal food.

A quantitative survey method was adopted, using a total sample of 1,100 consumers in Canada, Spain and the UK. The proposed model was tested using structural equation modelling.

The results suggest that it may be possible for firms to satisfy specific niche market segments with standardised mass market products. Consumer cosmopolitanism and non-Muslim religious identity were found to be positively related to halal product judgement, and consumer ethnocentrism and national identification were negatively related to halal product judgement. There was a strong relationship between product judgement and willingness to consume halal food.

The findings indicate that halal marketing may provide promising business opportunities for international restaurant and fast food chains, as well as food manufacturers and retailers. However, in countries or regions where there are many consumers with high levels of national identification or consumer ethnocentrism, firms should not expect non-target consumers to accept halal products.

This is the first study to suggest that, in non-Muslim countries, food companies may switch entirely to halal produce for certain products as an effective market segmentation strategy targeting Muslim consumers.

This study aims to examine consumer perception of introduction of Islamic banking (IB) in Ghana, which is a new and emerging form of banking in many non-Islamic countries.

Empirical field data were collected from a sample of 975 respondents using self-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was conducted using SPSS version 16.

Muslim respondents have significantly positive perceptions of IB compared to non-Muslims and have stronger intentions to adopt IB in Ghana than non-Muslims. Non-Muslims have high perceived benefit of IB. Non-Muslim respondents do not perceive potential threat of violence associated with the introduction of IB in Ghana. Although non-Muslims perceive IB that would make Islam popular, they do not perceive it as a means of Islamizing bank customers. Relatively, non-Muslims appear to have low knowledge of IB, unfavourable attitude towards IB, are reluctant to comply with Sharia law and consequently have weaker intentions to adopt IB.

This study was limited to descriptive analysis and to only Ghana. Future research should quantitatively model IB adoption and switching factors using samples from other developing countries.

IB institutions could focus on attracting a niche of Muslim consumers at its initial stages. Moreover, to facilitate the introduction of IB, the Bank of Ghana and other relevant stakeholders, in addition to establishing effective governance structures, must promote consumer education to enhance consumer knowledge of IB and correct misconceptions about IB among consumers, particularly non-Muslim customers.

One unique contribution of this study is that it provides an initial empirical exploration of consumers’ attitude and perceptions of IB in Ghana, which is an under-researched area.