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This study aims to assess financial development and debt status impact on energy efficiency in Nigeria as a developing economy.

This study combined the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), fully modified ordinary least squares and canonical cointegration regression analytical methods to estimate the parameters for energy efficiency policy recommendations. Secondary data between 1990 and 2020 were used for the analysis.

The result confirms the long-run nexus between energy efficiency, financial development and total debt stock. Furthermore, the ARDL estimates for this study’s key variables show that financial development promotes energy efficiency in the short run but hinders long-run energy efficiency. Total debt stock limits energy efficiency in Nigeria in short- and long-run periods.

The limitation of this study is that the scope is limited to Nigeria as a developing economy. The need to support energy efficiency projects is a global call requiring cross-country analysis. Despite this study’s focus on Nigeria, it provides useful insights that can guide energy efficiency policy through the financial sector and debt management.

The financial sector must ensure the availability of long-term credit facilities to clean energy investors. The government must maintain a sustainable debt profile to pave the way for capital expenditure on clean energy projects that promote energy efficiency.

The environmental consequences of energy intensity are being felt globally, with the developing countries most vulnerable. The cheapest way to curb these consequences is to promote energy efficiency to reduce the disastrous effect. Driving energy efficiency requires investment in energy-efficient technology but the challenge for developing economies, i.e. Nigeria’s funding, remains challenging amid a blotted debt profile. This becomes crucial to investigate how financial sector development and debt management can accelerate energy-efficient investments in Nigeria.

We aim to ascertain whether and how an individual’s social comparison affects their self-gifting motivations (SGMs).

We survey a North American sample comprising 619 Canadian and US respondents. We apply partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine relationships between social comparison, attachment orientation, parenthood, and self-gifting motivations.

We find that social comparison positively impacts self-gifting motivations. Additionally, we find that attachment orientation and parenthood can moderate social comparison’s impact on positively valenced SGMs and negatively valenced SGMs, respectively.

We elevate and expand existing scholarship on consumers’ self-gifting. Through the current study, we contribute new, empirical evidence illuminating how individuals’ attachment orientation (i.e. secure v. insecure) and parenthood status (i.e. parent v. non-parent) serve as agency-oriented moderators to temper social comparison’s influences on SGMs.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the role of servant leadership in promoting employees’ engagement in learning activities. Additionally, the study is intended to explicate the mediating role of employees’ promotion focus relating servant leadership to employees’ engagement in learning activities.

Data was collected from 401 manager–subordinate dyads employed in the Pakistani software industry located in Karachi in two phases which were conducted two months apart. The data analysis was done through hierarchical regression.

The study found that servant leadership was related to promotion focus and employees’ learning engagement. The study also found promotion focus was related to employees’ learning engagement. Finally, the results revealed promotion focus mediates the relationship between servant leadership and employees’ learning engagement.

The study unearthed the previously unexplored role of servant leadership in affecting employees’ engagement in learning activities. Additionally, the study explicated how servant leadership affects employees’ promotion focus to motivate employees’ learning engagement.

Football stadiums, traditionally linked to local landmarks, now see a shift as corporate brands engage in naming rights through sponsorship. However, limited scholarly attention has focused on the perception of stadium toponyms. This research initiative aims to gauge attention garnered by football stadiums in Europe and China based on various naming rights options.

Commencing with a well-known European stadium: Allianz Arena (Munich) and new constructed stadium in China, the original naming rights have been proffered as stimuli, in comparison with two major technology brands as well as Coca-Cola, the historical sponsor of sport mega-events. A sample of 100 participants was analyzed using the eye-tracking technique to compare the perceptions of European and Chinese youth.

The conclusion drawn from the study is that for stadiums with a history of sponsorship, unedited versions of the pictures attract the most attention. Compared with technology brand, Coca-cola is the brand with the greatest ability to attract the attention of young people in both historical stadiums or new constructed stadium, acting as an impulse to the activation of the naming rights strategy due to its historical character as a sponsor of mega sporting events.

The research makes dual contributions, both theoretically and practically. It enhances comprehension of audience visual attention patterns in the context of football stadium naming rights sponsorship, employing cognitive attention theory to substantiate empirical evidence. Furthermore, it advances the existing literature on football stadium naming rights research. Additionally, it proposes an optimization tool to assess the effectiveness of naming rights sponsorships, offering valuable insights for companies and brands seeking to enhance their marketing strategies.

Needs change as people get older. Procuring resources to satisfy them can generate anguish and insecurities in consumers due to their financial situation. This study aims to analyze the relationship between age and financial stress among Mexican adults and estimate the age of their maximum financial stress.

This study is based on constructing a financial stress indicator using the confirmatory factor analysis and linear regression models with a quadratic term, employing data from the National Survey on Financial Inclusion 2021.

Results show that the relationship between age and financial stress follows a quadratic pattern, with a maximum level at age 56, which varies according to sex, marital status, number of dependents, education and regions. These findings interest financial product designers and policy developers who aim to improve consumers' well-being.

Longitudinal studies and indicators, such as financial fragility, are needed to facilitate refining models over time.

There is no evidence of studies that have addressed the age of maximum financial stress in Latin America. Doing so is relevant because identifying the stages in life when adults are most vulnerable to financial stress helps assess its causes more precisely, thus mitigating its adverse effects.