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The World Bank report Changing Wealth of Nations 2018 is only the most recent reminder of how much poorer Africa is becoming, losing more than US$100 billion annually from minerals, oil, and gas extraction, according to (quite conservatively framed) environmentally sensitive adjustments of wealth. With popular opposition to socioeconomic, political, and ecological abuses rising rapidly in Africa, a robust debate may be useful: between those practicing anti-extractivist resistance, and those technocrats in states and international agencies who promote “ecological modernization” strategies. The latter typically aim to generate full-cost environmental accounting, and to do so they typically utilize market-related techniques to value, measure, and price nature. Between the grassroots and technocratic standpoints, a layer of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) do not yet appear capable of grappling with anti-extractivist politics with either sufficient intellectual tools or political courage. They instead revert to easier terrains within ecological modernization: revenue transparency, project damage mitigation, Free Prior and Informed Consent (community consultation and permission), and other assimilationist reforms. More attention to political-economic and political-ecological trends – including the end of the commodity super-cycle, worsening climate change, financial turbulence and the potential end of a 40-year long globalization process – might assist anti-extractivist activists and NGO reformers alike. Both could then gravitate to broader, more effective ways of conceptualizing extraction and unequal ecological exchange, especially in Africa’s hardest hit and most extreme sites of devastation.

This paper details findings from a research study on elder abuse and neglect undertaken in Russia. A survey of 2881 older people aged 60 years and older who were known to Social Services in four districts of Saratov was undertaken to explore the extent of elder abuse and neglect in these areas. Psychological and emotional forms of abuse were found to be the most prevalent form of abuse across all districts.

The purpose of this article is expository in the main; critical to a lesser degree. It will attempt to show how Karl Marx, enraged by the imperfections and inhumanity of the capitalist society, “fought” for its supersession by the communist society on which he dwelt so fondly, that society which would emerge from the womb of a dying capitalism. It asks such questions as these: Is it possible to create the truly human society envisaged by Marx? Is perfection of man and society a mere will‐o'‐the‐wisp? A brief analysis, therefore, of the imperfections of capitalism is undertaken for the purpose of revealing the evils which Marx sought to eliminate by revolution of the most violent sort. In this sense, the nature of man under capitalism is analysed. Marx found the breed wanting, in a word, dehumanised. An attempt is, therefore, made to discuss the new man of Marxism, man's own creation, and the traits of that new man, one freed at last from the alienating effects of private property, division of labour, money, and religion. Another question that springs to mind is this: how does Marx propose to transcend alienation?

The purpose of this paper is to check the efficiency of isogeometric analysis (IGA) by comparing its results with classical finite element method (FEM), generalized finite element method (GFEM) and other enriched versions of FEM through numerical examples of free vibration problems.

Since its conception, IGA was widely applied in several problems. In this paper, IGA is applied for free vibration of elastic rods, beams and trusses. The results are compared with FEM, GFEM and the enriched methods, concerning frequency spectra and convergence rates.

The results show advantages of IGA over FEM and GFEM in the frequency error spectra, mostly in the higher frequencies.

Isogeometric analysis shows a feasible tool in structural analysis, with emphasis for problems that requires a high amount of vibration modes.

The essay narrates and analyzes Eugen Dühring’s remotion, i.e. the taking away of his status as Privatdozent, and thereby of his right to teach at a university, by the Prussian Minister of Culture in 1877. After sketching out the background of the University of Berlin, the institution of Privatdozent, and Dühring himself, first, Dühring’s 1875 clash with Adolph Wagner is described, which put him on “probation”. Then, the 1877 scandal is looked at in detail, and the accusations against Dühring by the Faculty of Philosophy – mainly libel and insult – checked against the facts. It is argued that, while there might have been a point in Dühring’s charge of plagiarism against the physicist Helmholtz regarding the first law of thermodynamics, Dühring was generally guilty as charged, and that his remotion was certainly legal. As far as the legitimacy of this harsh measure is concerned, the case is less clear, but in the end, it is claimed that the remotion was legitimate as well.

Existing literature on state socialist and communist heritage as a form of tourist consumption predominately focuses on destination contexts, such as the former Soviet countries and the few remaining state communist countries (i.e. China, North Korea and Cuba). As a result, the visitation to places linked to the history of socialism and communism in the so-called western pluralist democracies has often been overlooked and, at most, unacknowledged, especially as most research on “socialist” heritage focuses on sites connected to statist heritage rather than sites connected to socialist movements. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

This paper aims to fill the gap in terms of research focusing on these types of sites, with evidence from a range of countries in Europe and the Americas. It does so by illustrating the presence and engagement with official and non-official communist/socialist heritage at varying levels of commodification.

The paper concludes that not only is there a need to broaden the concept of socialist heritage but that its framing needs to continue to be understood from present day ideological discourses and struggles with respect to the marking of urban heritage tourist locations.

This contribution advocates the broadening of the concept of socialist heritage by acknowledging the relevance of “hidden” urban sites related to key socialist thinkers, socialist opposition to fascism, and civil wars in which the socialist movement was involved, while also drawing parallels between the levels of socialist/heritage recognition and use as a commodity in relation to the historical narrative within the studied countries.

Gives a bibliographical review of the finite element methods (FEMs) applied for the linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic analyses of basic structural elements from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The range of applications of FEMs in this area is wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore aims to give the reader an encyclopaedic view on the subject. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains 2,025 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations dealing with the analysis of beams, columns, rods, bars, cables, discs, blades, shafts, membranes, plates and shells that were published in 1992‐1995.

Over the past few years, electronic commerce has gradually grown into what has arguably become the most daunting challenge to date for taxsystems. Income tax principles have traditionally been based on the existence of some form of physical presence (either residency, source of income or a permanent establishment) in an area of jurisdiction before tax may be levied. The fact that the Internet can provide substantial economic activity in an area of jurisdiction without having a physical presence, requires an interpretation of and/or amendment to international tax principles. South Africa has adopted the residence principle of taxation with effect from 1 January 2001. The residence principle is more suited to dealing with Internet transactions than is the source principle. The residence principle does, however, require interpretation and/or amendment in the Internet environment. It is in particular the term “place of effective management” that requires interpretation. Internet transactions are borderless and therefore subject to doubletaxation agreements. The Fiscal Committee of the OECD plays a leading and co‐ordinating role in the examination of the effect of electronic commerce on taxation. Therefore the challenge with which South Africa is faced, is to develop a taxation policy that is not isolated from its ecommerce partners.

The purpose of this paper is to present an application of the Generalized Finite Element Method (GFEM) for modal analysis of 2D wave equation.

The GFEM can be viewed as an extension of the standard Finite Element Method (FEM) that allows non-polynomial enrichment of the approximation space. In this paper the authors enrich the approximation space with sine e cosine functions, since these functions frequently appear in the analytical solution of the problem under study. The results are compared with the ones obtained with the polynomial FEM using higher order elements.

The results indicate that the proposed approach is able to obtain more accurate results for higher vibration modes than standard polynomial FEM.

The examples studied in this paper indicate a strong potential of the GFEM for the approximation of higher vibration modes of structures, analysis of structures subject to high frequency excitations and other problems that concern high frequency oscillatory phenomena.

This study aims to present a new hybrid formulation based on non-uniform rational b-splines functions and enrichment strategies applied to free and forced vibration of straight bars and trusses.

Based on the idea of enrichment from generalized finite element method (GFEM)/extended finite element method (XFEM), an extended isogeometric formulation (partition of unity isogeometric analysis [PUIGA]) is conceived. By numerical examples the methods are tested and compared with isogeometric analysis, finite element method and GFEM in terms of convergence, error spectrum, conditioning and adaptivity capacity.

The results show a high convergence rate and accuracy for PUIGA and the advantage of input enrichment functions and material parameters on parametric space.

The enrichment strategies demonstrated considerable improvements in numerical solutions. The applications of computer-aided design mapped enrichments applied to structural dynamics are not known in the literature.