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The purpose of this paper is to understand the impacts of oleoyl glycine on biodegradation, friction and wear performances of a mineral lubricating oil.

The biodegradabilities of a neat oil and its formulations with oleoyl glycine were evaluated on a biodegradation tester and the microbial characters in the biodegradation sewage observed through a microscope. Also, the friction and wear performances of neat oil and the formulated oil were determined on a four‐ball tribometer. The morphologies and tribochemical features of the worn surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Oleoyl glycine markedly enhanced biodegradation of unreadily biodegradable mineral oil and effectively improved its anti‐wear and friction‐reducing abilities. The enhancement of biodegradability of the mineral oil was preliminarily ascribed to the increment of microbial populations in the biodegradation processes, while the improvement of anti‐wear and friction‐reducing abilities was mainly attributed to the formation of a boundary adsorption film of oleoyl glycine on the friction surfaces.

Oleoyl glycine is a biodegradable and low eco‐toxic compound. The authors' work has shown that oleoyl glycine is effective in improving biodegradability and tribological performances of mineral lubricants. Enhancing biodegradability of petroleum‐based lubricants by additives is a new attempt. The paper has significance for improving ecological and tribological performances of mineral lubricants, even for developing petroleum‐based biodegradable lubricants.

Vast areas have been studied toward combustion and emission analysis in vegetable oil methyl esters and quite a few in algal oil biodiesel. To analyze the better alternate source for diesel engine, this study aims to investigate the combustion behavior and emission characteristics between cottonseed biodiesel and algal oil biodiesel on comparison with mineral diesel in a compression ignition engine.

The fuel properties like density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value and Cetane number have met the biodiesel standards for both algal and cottonseed biodiesel. At rated power, engine was operated on all three test fuels, where combustion analysis describing in-cylinder pressure, peak pressure, rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release and emission characteristics including hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke for both biodiesel comparing mineral diesel.

Algal and cottonseed biodiesel showed up to 2-3°CA delayed start of combustion comparing mineral diesel curve. The in-cylinder pressure of algal biodiesel was found to be 68 bar, whereas cottonseed biodiesel exhibited 65 bar at full load condition. Similarly, the rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release of algal biodiesel depicted 7.9 and 10.7 per cent rise than cottonseed biodiesel, respectively. As the load increased, ignition delay showed decreasing trend, while combustion duration showed an increasing trend. HC, CO and smoke emissions were seen to be lower than mineral diesel with noticeable increase in NOx emission.

In this present investigation, biodiesel from Stoechospermum Marginatum, a marine marco algae, was used to fuel the compression ignition engine. Its combustion behavior and emission characteristics are compared with cottonseed biodiesel, a vegetable oil-based biodiesel having similar physio-chemical characteristics to understand the suitability of algal biodiesel in compression ignition engine. This study involves the assessment of straight biodiesel from macro algae and cottonseed oil on standard operating conditions.

THE adaptation and application of the cumulative experience of practical and theoretical research to the problems of industry has led to the solving of many of its problems and the linking up of industries of very diverse natures. Materials, processes, and mechanisms have been developed in many instances to an almost perfected state, leading to an economy in power consumption, reduced production costs, greater efficiency of the unit, and increased service life. Yet the protection of materials, particularly metals, employed in industry has not revealed itself to the same extent, more because of the enormity of the field of application than lack of development in this direction.

The decrease in availability of mineral oils and their environmental hazards created the need to search for alternate bio-based oils. The aim of this study is to investigate the friction and wear characteristics of kapok (Ceiba pentandra) oil as a bio-lubricant.

The wear and friction characteristics between steel-steel contact under lubrication were found using a pin-on-disk tribometer under different loads and sliding speeds, respectively. The corrosion and oxidation stability of the test lubricants were also analyzed. The worn surfaces of the specimen are analyzed with the help of an optical microscope. The obtained results were compared with palm oil and mineral oil (SAE20W 40).

From the investigation, it is found that the kapok oil possess a lower coefficient of friction and wear rate than palm and mineral oil. It is also found that the coefficient of friction varies proportionally and the wear rate varies inversely with the sliding speed as expected.

The present results confirm that the kapok oil can be used as an alternative lubricant to reduce the demand for mineral-based oil lubricants.

The following article is substantially the same as a lecture given to The Institute of Petroleum at Leeds on 9th April, 1959, and is reproduced here by their kind permission.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate alternatives for four stroke 10w40 motorcycle engine oils. Today, mineral and synthetic‐based lubricants are widely used but because of ecological aspects, which are gaining in importance nowadays and limited resources of mineral oils, environmentally‐friendly biobased lubricants are gaining in importance. Biobased lubricants are also important for using national resources rather than importing crude oils which are limited. The main consumption of lubricant market is motor oils. In this study, starting from mineral, synthetic and biobased lubricants; mineral, synthetic, biomineral and biosynthetic based four stroke motorcycle engine oils (10w40) are prepared, then lubricity properties of the motor oils are determined.

The lubricity tests of the samples are done in a fixed forced lubricity test rig and the motorcycle motor oil preparation are conducted according to ASTM test methods.

The results show that 5 per cent of biobased lubricants will be suitable for preparing 10w40 motor oils in both mineral and synthetic based motor oils. Also improvements in the lubricity properties with the blend with biobased lubricants are seen.

The paper presents biomineral and biosynthetic 10w40 motor oils as alternative candidates for motorcycle motor oils.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the tribological behaviour of commercially available SAE 10 mineral and rapeseed oils containing Fe particles synthesized directly in the oil phase.

Sub-micron Fe particles (50-340 nm) were synthesized by wet chemical reduction reaction of FeSO₄ by sodium borohydride in the rapeseed and mineral oils in the presence of surfactant: block copolymer (ENB 90R4) or oxyethylated alcohol (OS-20). A four-ball wear tribometer was used to investigate the tribological properties of mineral and rapeseed oil: coefficient of friction (COF), wear scar diameter and wear loss. Viscosity measurements of oil solutions and determination of synthesized Fe particles size were performed as well.

The presence of Fe particles (0.1 weight per cent) in the rapeseed and mineral oils caused the little change in the COF but resulted in marked improvement of anti-wear property. The oils containing Fe particles with slightly higher viscosity are giving more friction due to viscous drag. The anti-wear enhancement is attributed to the formation of tribofilm and superior load-bearing capability of the modified oil. Both rapeseed and mineral oils irrespective of used surfactant in the presence of 0.1 weight per cent Fe particles (50-140 nm) show sufficiently improved anti-wear properties.

The data collection about tribological behaviour of oils containing Fe particles and various additives in lubricants has a practical interest. The findings could be helpful to increase the knowledge of the behaviour of real tribological systems, where the metallic debris are generated during friction and contaminate the lubricating oil.

Workmanship concerns lead to more focus on volatile materials, released by industrial lubricants. Typically, flash point test and thermo‐gravimetrical analysis (TGA) are used to investigate basestock volatility, but they do not address long‐term decomposition tendencies of lubricants. The extent of volatile losses due to chemical degradation (oxidation, hydrolysis, dissociation, etc.) remains unclear.

Vaporisation tendencies of eight additive‐free bio‐based, synthetic and mineral basestocks with similar viscosities were compared experimentally in a 30‐80 h degradation test. Thin films (30‐50 μm) of oils were placed on the steel surface and heated to 130‐140°C with periodic cooling to room temperatures for gravimetric measurement of volatile losses.

Mineral oils lost some fractions initially, but their evaporation subsided afterwards. To the contrary, PAO, polyglycol and polyol ester type oils showed low losses early into the test, but later they started producing high amounts of volatiles. After approx. 10‐15 h the evaporation from mineral oils was clearly lower than that from synthetic or bio‐based oils with substantially higher flash points.

Test results challenge the existing viewpoint that viscous oils with high flash points are non‐volatile. It was found that even fully synthetic and bio‐based oils lost more than 30 wt.% contents, despite being considered almost non‐volatile. Such extensive decomposition of oil films should be taken into account when making the equipment‐engineering or workmanship‐related decisions in the industry.

Economic pressures are driving fleets to substantially increase their maintenance intervals. To meet this challenge, both the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and the lubricant suppliers have developed new and better products to give users the benefits of extended service intervals while at the same time maintaining equipment life and reducing operating costs. This paper will examine the options available in formulating extended drain transmission and axle lubricants by comparing four products designed to meet the OEM extended service interval requirements. Bench test and field test data will be reviewed which show that by optimizing the base oil as well as the additive system, both synthetic as well as properly formulated mineral oil products can give excellent extended drain performance. With mounting economic pressures in the trucking industry, these new products will give maintenance personnel additional product choices as they move their fleets to extended drain transmission and axle lubricants in an effort to safely extend equipment life and reduce total maintenance costs.