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In this study, the research question posed was: What are the defining characteristics, limitations, and potential opportunities in the research on heterogeneity within ASD?

This scoping review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology to address the research question: “What are the defining characteristics, limitations, and potential opportunities in the research on heterogeneity within ASD?” A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, SciVerse Scopus and Springer Link, with keywords such as autism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), heterogeneity and neurodevelopment. Inclusion criteria covered original research, reviews and protocols published since 1990, while irrelevant or out-of-date works were excluded. Thematic analysis was applied to collected data to identify common patterns, trends and key characteristics, leading to a narrative synthesis. Ethical review board approval was not required due to the nature of the review.

The scoping review underscored the multifaceted nature of ASD, emphasizing its clinical, methodological and investigational complexities. ASD’s diverse behavioral, social and biological characteristics challenged its classification as a uniform entity. To address this, the review examined strategies like stricter clinical criteria, categorization into functional subgroups, and larger, diverse sample sizes. Moreover, it highlighted the transformative role of Big Data and machine learning in advancing the comprehension of ASD’s manifold manifestations. This research contributed valuable insights and innovative approaches for addressing the intrinsic heterogeneity of ASD, reshaping the understanding of this complex condition.

One limitation of this scoping review is that it primarily relied on existing literature and did not involve primary data collection. While the review synthesized and analyzed a substantial body of research, the absence of original data collection may limit the depth of insights into specific aspects of ASD heterogeneity. Future research could benefit from incorporating primary data collection methods, such as surveys or interviews with individuals with ASD and their families, to gain more nuanced perspectives on the condition’s heterogeneity.

The reliance on existing literature in this scoping review highlights the need for further empirical studies exploring ASD’s heterogeneity. Researchers should consider conducting primary data collection to capture real-world experiences and variations within the ASD population. This approach could provide more comprehensive and context-specific insights, ultimately informing the development of tailored interventions and support strategies for individuals with ASD and their families.

This paper offers a fresh perspective on understanding ASD by examining its clinical, methodological and investigational implications in light of its inherent heterogeneity. Rather than viewing ASD as a uniform condition, this study explores strategies such as stricter clinical criteria, subcategorization based on functionality and diverse sample sizes to address its complexity. In addition, this study highlights the innovative use of Big Data and machine learning to gain deeper insights into ASD’s diverse manifestations. This approach contributes new insights and promising directions for future research, challenging the conventional understanding of ASD as a singular entity.

This study aims to assess the efficiency of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) countries in achieving sustainable development by analyzing their ability to convert resources and technological innovations into sustainable outcomes.

Using data envelopment analysis (DEA), the study evaluates the economic, environmental and social efficiency of BRICS countries over the period 2010–2018. It ranks these countries based on their sustainable development performance and compares them to the period 2000–2007.

The study reveals varied efficiency levels among BRICS countries. Russia and South Africa lead in certain sustainable development aspects. South Africa excels in environmental sustainability, whereas Brazil is efficient in resource utilization for sustainable growth. China and India, despite economic growth, face challenges such as pollution and lower quality of life.

The study’s findings are constrained by the DEA methodology and the selection of variables. It highlights the need for more nuanced research incorporating recent global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical shifts.

Insights from this study can inform targeted and effective sustainability strategies in BRICS nations, focusing on areas such as industrial quality improvement, employment conditions and environmental policies.

The study underscores the importance of balancing economic growth with social and environmental considerations, highlighting the need for policies addressing inequality, poverty and environmental degradation.

This research provides a unique comparative analysis of BRICS countries’ sustainable development efficiency, challenging conventional perceptions and offering a new perspective on their progress.

This case study is based on the Women in Agri-Tech programme, a teacher professional development programme that aimed to build teachers’ capabilities to use Agri-Tech in their agriculture/STEM classes to increase student awareness of agriculture technology and its associated career paths. Teachers and agriculture industry partners co-created Agri-Tech modules, which were implemented and evaluated from teachers’ and students’ perspectives. This paper demonstrates how work-related learning that emphasises technology can increase the visibility of career pathways and how multi-stakeholder benefits can evolve from teacher–industry partnerships.

An action research design using quantitative and qualitative methods was used to construct this case study. Data collection methods included surveys, interviews, peer evaluation and teacher reflections.

Teacher professional development that incorporates teacher-industry partnerships can increase teachers’ self-efficacy and build confidence to support authentic work-related learning in their classes. Integrating technology into agriculture/STEM classes can increase the visibility of agriculture career paths for students, which is critical given the serious skills shortage in this sector.

This study is limited in that the Women in Agri-Tech professional development programme was one standalone programme tailored specifically for women agriculture/STEM teachers through a competitive process. However, the beneficial implications of such programmes that support teacher–industry engagement have far-reaching benefits. Teacher professional development programmes that provide opportunities to partner with industry can support improvements in integrating career-aligned learning into the curriculum and can specifically address industry skills and knowledge gaps by addressing school-based learning requirements for the future workforce.

This paper contributes to the literature on education–industry partnerships and considers how teachers can contribute to an early intervention sector workforce development strategy for future industry sustainability.

This paper focuses on image-to-text manuscript processing through Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR), a Machine Learning (ML) approach enabled by Artificial Intelligence (AI). With HTR now achieving high levels of accuracy, we consider its potential impact on our near-future information environment and knowledge of the past.

In undertaking a more constructivist analysis, we identified gaps in the current literature through a Grounded Theory Method (GTM). This guided an iterative process of concept mapping through writing sprints in workshop settings. We identified, explored and confirmed themes through group discussion and a further interrogation of relevant literature, until reaching saturation.

Catalogued as part of our GTM, 120 published texts underpin this paper. We found that HTR facilitates accurate transcription and dataset cleaning, while facilitating access to a variety of historical material. HTR contributes to a virtuous cycle of dataset production and can inform the development of online cataloguing. However, current limitations include dependency on digitisation pipelines, potential archival history omission and entrenchment of bias. We also cite near-future HTR considerations. These include encouraging open access, integrating advanced AI processes and metadata extraction; legal and moral issues surrounding copyright and data ethics; crediting individuals’ transcription contributions and HTR’s environmental costs.

Our research produces a set of best practice recommendations for researchers, data providers and memory institutions, surrounding HTR use. This forms an initial, though not comprehensive, blueprint for directing future HTR research. In pursuing this, the narrative that HTR’s speed and efficiency will simply transform scholarship in archives is deconstructed.

Established in 1906, the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (MSO) is a cornerstone of Victoria, Australia. Through the shared language of music, it creates meaningful experiences for its audiences, delivered to the highest possible standard. Considered one of Australia's preeminent cultural ambassadors, the MSO performs in Australia and internationally while attracting guest artists from around the world. Annually the MSO engages with more than 5 million people through live concerts, TV, radio and online broadcasts, international and regional tours, recordings, and education programs. In 2021, the MSO launched its digital platform MSO.LIVE engaging with an audience in 58 countries. The pandemic brought many challenges to the Orchestra but also some extraordinary opportunities. Pre-pandemic the MSO board, management, staff, and musicians worked to transform the Orchestra. The many lockdowns created the perfect occasion to redefine the vision. It became an opportunity to transform. Equity and diversity, in a world of classic music where traditionally white men dominate, were identified as the way forward. MSO aspires to lead the way for equality across its Board, staff, and musicians, and throughout its artistic programming. The MSO was the first professional Australian orchestra to join the Keychange movement in early 2020. The MSO is committed to promoting a culture that celebrates and supports the diversity of its people and community. Diversity in its people, its music, and its audience is a specific goal and a plan has been developed to achieve by 2024.

The aim of this study is two-fold: (1) to promote a model of youth participatory research and offer a window of understanding into how it can be enacted and (2) to understand youth perspectives on youth empowerment. This study asks: “how can youth help us understand youth empowerment?”

The study applies youth participatory action research (YPAR) and interpretative phenomenological analysis. The study illustrates how to enact a model of YPAR by engaging youth in the process of research in a youth-serving community non-profit organization.

This study sets out to make two important contributions, one methodological and one theoretical: First, the study contributes to our understanding of the opportunities and benefits of youth-engaged, peer-to-peer research. Specifically, this study promotes a model of youth participatory action research and knowledge making processes, and the associated social and formal benefits for youth. By extension, this study illustrates an approach to engage youth in formal contexts which has implications for both management and organizational studies and education. Finally, the study extends our understanding and conceptualization of the phenomenon of youth empowerment (as informed by youth perspectives).

The study offers insight into how to conduct youth participatory action research and specifically how to address two limitations cited in the literature: (1) how to authentically engage youth including how to share power, and (2) how to perform youth participatory action research, often critiqued as a black box methodology.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of sport scandals on consumer perceptions of the associated sponsors and sport and to provide a typology of sport celebrity scandals to guide management response tactics.

The study conducted four focus groups that were followed by social media data mining. A total of 8,289 consumer comments were collected from 147 websites, and a total of 224 comments were analyzed in terms of themes and frequency.

The research found the impact of sport scandals on consumer perceptions of sponsorship evaluations depended on whether the scandal was gender related scandal, recreational drug use, gender violence, unplanned and planned on-field scandals. Gender violence and planned on-field scandals can have an overwhelmingly negative impact on sponsorship evaluations, while unplanned on-field scandals may result in positive effects. Consumer empathy may influence the impact of recreational drug use, and the gender of the sport celebrity can influence the impact of unplanned on-field scandals.

This study contributes to sponsorship theory by indicating the type of scandal affects consumer perceptions of associated sponsors and sport.

The findings may guide management to develop response tactics to sport scandals. The response tactics may be based on consumer perceptions of the impact of the scandal on the associated sponsors and sport. Sponsor and sport management response tactics may be perceived as a differentiation of the sponsor and sport brands. It may be necessary that sponsorship agreements included pre-determined response tactics that contribute to value formation in the local community.

This study contributes to sponsorship theory by indicating the type of scandal affects consumer perceptions of sponsorship evaluations. Two additional factors may impact these influences: consumer empathy and the gender of the sport celebrity.

This case is based on secondary information and data about the Goldman Sachs One Million Black Women initiative and youth entrepreneurship programs from press releases, news articles and websites. The protagonist has been disguised. This case has been classroom-tested in a core MBA course in both face-to-face and online delivery methods.

In March 2021, Goldman Sachs launched its One Million Black Women initiative which expanded its inclusive growth goals to support Black women entrepreneurs who were under-represented and under-resourced. This initiative is one of Goldman Sachs’s sponsored programs that aid existing entrepreneurs. This program would invest $10bn over the next decade to advance racial equity, promote entrepreneurial activity and increase and economic opportunities for these highly motivated and resilient Black women. With the buzz from this initiative, Johnnetta who was a Black female manager at a financial services competitor of Goldman Sachs conceived another approach to groom and grow future generations of women of color entrepreneurs. Her idea was to implement youth entrepreneurship programs in middle schools in states with high populations of students of color. Based on a psychological theory of entrepreneurship approach, these students would learn about entrepreneurship and gain hands-on experience with starting and operating a business. The program was called “Planting 1000 Seeds of Entrepreneurs” to develop a pipeline of savvy, well-prepared future women of color entrepreneurs. Johnnetta’s dilemma was whether to pitch this new youth entrepreneurship program as an employee at her employer as a diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) initiative or start this program as an entrepreneur of a nonprofit in which she would have sole autonomy to administer this program. This case will enable students to develop ideas into a compelling business pitch while sparking debate about approaches to foster DEI initiatives that will have impactful economic benefits for women of color entrepreneurs.

This case is best suited for upper-level undergraduate or graduate students taking business administration courses in management, entrepreneurship, women studies or other courses that cover topics or modules related to DEI initiatives involving women in business.