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The problems of implementation which bedevilled, and ultimately killed, the ambitious and comprehensive approach of ED 18 have been referred to earlier in this book and, in any case, are well documented in the financial and professional press.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between financial reporting and cost stickiness in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

Data of all Iranian manufacturing listed companies gathered for testing hypotheses during 2010–2016 and R statistical software are employed in order to analyzing data.

The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between administrative, sale, material, labor and overhead costs and the financial reporting qualities of the companies under study.

The study focuses on relationship between financial reporting and cost stickiness in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, which is the first study of its type in Iran.

The study investigates the latent shortcomings of projects implemented under the force account approach. The study offers implications to the policymakers, practitioners and society at large for the effective and efficient application of the force account method in construction projects.

The study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed method of which the quantitative data were collected first and then analysis was performed. Then, the results of quantitative data were used to plan for the collection of qualitative data. The quantitative data were collected from performance audit report while the qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews.

The study identified six (6) general latent shortcomings and twenty-one (21) detailed latent shortcomings. The general latent shortcomings were inadequate planning and designing of the project; inappropriate adhering to the procurement procedures for materials; inadequate contract supervision; lack of qualified personnel to execute and supervise the works; lack of appropriate equipment and tools; and improper recording of cost of materials, labour and overheads in the books of accounts.

The research focused on the force account construction approach as applied in the Tanzania context.

The research stresses that policymakers and practitioners are required to evaluate critically the scope and application of the force account mechanism. The force account procedures should be made based on the nature, scope, magnitude and thresholds of the project. The procuring organisations should ensure that the cost–benefit analysis is undertaken before implementing the force account projects. The findings of this study can be used as inputs to the present laws, regulations and guidelines related to the force account projects.

The present study has the potentials to the communities of which force account projects are undertaken. It stresses that the force account method offers employments opportunity to the social communities.

The study has identified the latent shortcomings of the projects implemented under the force account method. This topic has received attention in Tanzania and developing countries. The study can be credited for its implications to policymakers, practitioners and communities including its emphasis on conducting a cost–benefit analysis.

Involvement in the effective design and use of computer‐based information systems is essential for the manager of the 1990s. To be most effective, systems must be designed for the requirements of the manager‐user. Too often there is a communication gap between managers who are too busy, uninterested or unwilling to become directly involved, on the one hand, and on the other, the consultant who is more usually engrossed in the special nature of the system. The author aims to provide an up‐to‐date and integrated treatment of organisation and management, as well as to emphasise the utilisation of management information systems to improve the art of managing.

The impact of Government moves to put public sector catering out to competitive tender will severely affect some relationships between public sector catering management and staff, a range of employment issues, the skill levels of catering staff and the role of public sector catering management. The employment implications of the contracting‐out exercise in public sector catering in hospitals and schools are assessed.

Examines how a conceptually ideal manufacturing business structure may be achieved by analysing information flows, processes and activities at a macro level within the company. Outlines the methodology used to identify the existing company position, strategic alternatives, organizational model and information flows. Describes the modifications necessary to the system in order to achieve the re‐engineering objectives required by the business. Indicates how strategic decisions relating to organizational design may be implemented via systems re‐engineering.

This paper explores commercial negotiation skills in the context of the buying/selling dynamics using the writer's experience as a Lead Negotiator. Planning, conducting and analysing the outcomes of commercial negotiations are key elements of successful business. Developing the skills of commercial negotiation is a demanding, valuable and often personally challenging task. The outcomes of commercial negotiation are often difficult to assess; such as the impact on the short‐ and long‐term buyer/seller relationship and the negotiator's personal and organizational development, hence the need to identify, understand and develop commercial negotiation skills. Commercial negotiation is explored from three perspectives; process, the respective parties' objectives and bargaining. The need for planning, the foundation of any process, in a commercial negotiation is detailed. A typology of techniques of persuasion is introduced and briefly explained.

Logistics costs often represent the single largest cost element in international operations. Yet international logistics is often managed on a fragmented basis, with little or no attempt made to find the optimum tradeoffs of transportation modes, inventory levels, and expected availability of product. In this article, David Herron demonstrates how logistics cost savings of 15% to 25% may be achieved by systematically carrying out such tradeoffs.

With the formation of the International Accounting Standards Committee in the 1970s the natural progression in the 1980s was to bring together developing and underdeveloped nations in the path towards standardization. What the standard‐setting body wished to do was to introduce these countries to the codified set of international accounting standards. Raises the key question of priority. Should the focus of international accounting bodies with regard to the needs of developing countries be on harmonization or standardization of accounts in the coming decade, or should it be on developing the proper and ethical environment for sound business practices? Puts forward the belief, based on personal experience, that imposing international accounting standards on developing countries, at this time, is still hasty and immature.