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The moist periods with high precipitation and periods of atmospheric droughts are a potential great hazard to the functioning of ecosystems and different sectors of the national economy in the Lublin region. Therefore, a recognition of time variability of these atmospheric phenomena and the conditions of their occurrence are the main aims of this paper.

The analysis of the precipitation‐free periods was based on the meteorological data from the years 1951‐2009 recorded in the Meteorological Observatory of the Maria Curie‐Skłodowska University in Lublin. Main hydrological data concerning dynamics of groundwater table and surface water table came from the measurement network of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.

Very long precipitation‐free periods, lasting over 20 days, appeared only seven times – once a year in 1953, 1956, 1959, 1971, 1983, and twice in 2000. Since the 1980s, the number of precipitation‐free periods has been decreasing parallel to the higher frequency of downpours and increasing annual precipitation totals. In the years 1981‐1994, the following phenomena were observed in the Lublin region: decrease of river mean discharges, groundwater‐table lowering, lowering of lake surfaces, disappearance of springs, and the shortening of the upper reaches of rivers. However, replenishment of water resources and more frequent meteorological extreme events have been recorded in the Lublin region since the second half of the 1990s. Therefore, local flood and inundations have occurred, and flood hazard in larger river valleys has increased.

Examination of time variability of these atmospheric phenomena and conditions of their occurrence should contribute to the development of effective ways and techniques of management of water resources in the regional economy in order to reduce economic losses.

Management education courses are being developed at the Lublin Business School, Poland in collaboration with the Lancashire Business School of the University of Central Lancashire, UK. These developments are supported by the UK Government Knowhow Fund. The first of these courses, an Advanced Certificate in Management for practising middle and senior managers, was first delivered during 1991‐92 and validated by the UK partner in July 1992. Higher level courses, a Diploma in Management and an MBA, are being developed and the partners hope to validate these courses during 1993. Describes the content and structure of the courses, together with a quality assurance and assessment regime which is innovative in the Polish context. In developing these courses the partners have attempted to avoid the known problems associated with such transfers of know‐how. Identifies these problems and discusses the ways in which they were addressed by the Lublin project.

Global demand for organic milk products gives an opportunity to Polish organic farmers and dairies to supply national, European Union and international milk markets. The purpose of this paper is to review the historic and contemporary changes in organic milk production and processing in Poland, in order to identify the main factors of influence and to propose the direction of future market and policy development in the sector.

In this study, secondary data from a range of literature sources and databases are analysed. The Lorenz’s concentration ratio is applied to the data derived to evaluate the degree of concentration of certified organic farms in the different regions of Poland and conclusions are drawn as a result.

Organic dairy farm operations in Poland are small scale and territorially dispersed. Although there is some evidence of growing supply concentration, Polish processors of organic milk face multiple barriers to development not least a lack of continuity of supplies. Whilst global markets are of interest, the development of alternative, innovative food networks in Poland that focus on provenance, integrity and promoting the special health benefits of organic milk would be of value to the sector, but further cooperation and integration is essential to take advantage of these market opportunities.

This research underpins the need for appropriate national policies in Poland for the development and actualisation of a dynamic organic milk supply system that delivers value to local, regional and international markets.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate changes in selected quality traits of chicken table eggs during their storage under standard storage conditions and in refrigeration.

The sample consisted of 570 eggs from Hy-Line hens. The eggs were placed on trays of 30 pieces each, and then group C (control) eggs were stored at 14°C temperature and 70 per cent humidity and group F (experimental) eggs were refrigerated at 5°C and 30 per cent humidity. Changes in egg mass and air cell depth were measured on the laying day and, then, after every 7 days for 5 weeks for group C and for up to 24 weeks for group F. Initially for every week and then after every four weeks, the quality of 30 eggs from each group was evaluated. The following traits were analysed: whole egg (mass, specific gravity), shell (conductivity, strength, mass, thickness, and density) and content (proportions, pH, albumen quality and yolk colour).

It was shown that due to a significant limitation of qualitative changes (lower water loss, higher specific mass, lower shell conductivity, better albumen quality, lower pH content, more favourable proportions of morphological elements) in eggs stored in refrigeration despite prolonged time, reduced temperature should be considered as a factor allowing for a significant prolongation of egg shelf life during storage.

The unusually elongated time of the experiment allows for a practical implementation of the results, especially in the case of eggs intended for processing.

As much as any cross‐border destination may be an attractive notion, it clearly requires more profound research as both theoretical and practical research seems hardly satisfactory. This paper will attempt to present tourism development of the cross‐border region of Bug, consisting of three national components: Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian. There are both advantages and disadvantages resulting from the fact that one part of the destination belongs to the European Union (EU) and the other does not. The authors analyse the potential of the Euroregion and present main actors responsible for the destination development. Based on both desk and field research, special attention is given to the model of tourism organisation. The theory of tourism transformation is carefully scrutinised. One can distinguish 4 stages of this process, namely: preparation, creation, verification, gratification (Studzieniecki 2000, p127).

Some marketers have challenged psychologists’ contention that human beings can only learn by using conscious effort. They argue that advertising can be effective at low levels of (or even no) attention. Also, despite the absence of (or low levels of) consciousness, these subconscious responses can be linked to brands. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of implicit learning in the context of logo substitution – an image that may not look like the original logo, and may not even be consciously associated with the original brand or its logo.

Data were collected by means of two quasi-experimental studies.

The results suggest that, thanks to implicit learning, logo substitution can be effective.

One limitation was that data were collected from two relatively small convenience samples.

Logo substitution can be of value when a company faces a situation when advertising is banned or restricted, when the target market is saturated with marketing stimuli (clutter) and when there is a risk that aggressive advertising can lead to psychological reactance. The purpose of logo substitution would then be to unobtrusively activate mental representations closely related to the original logo.

The central contribution of this study is that it demonstrates how the principles of implicit social cognition, implicit learning and logo substitution can be used by marketers to overcome the undesirable and even adverse advertising circumstances they sometimes face.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the scale of changes in the distribution of water and their influence on the components of the hydrological balance in two lake catchments situated in the Leczna-Wlodawa Lake District.

In order to estimate the scale of man-made modification of water distribution an analysis of published cartographic materials was used. The maps cover time-scale of over 150 years. The analysis was completed by territorial research carried out during water years 2007-2009. The elements of water balance equation were calculated on the basis of daily water levels, discharge, precipitations and lake volumes. Evaporation was calculated as the difference of balance gains and losses (runoff deficit).

The study has shown high permanent human pressure on lake-catchment systems under study, since the 50 of the nineteenth century. Naturally drainless lakes were connected to the system of surface runoff, which modified radically directions and pace of water circulation. The most pronounced hydrologic changes of the lake-catchment systems under study occurred in the 60 of the twentieth century. Human pressure on water conditions resulted in changes of water balance elements relation (increased surface inflow and outflow).

In the ecosystems with zonal watersheds, even slight modification of water distribution may lead to radical changes in the structure of lake-catchment systems’ water balance. The paper is first in polish literature that documents major water divide translocation, as well as bifurcation in the drainage area of the highest cascade lake. Man-made modifications cause natural ecosystems degradation, especially in the areas built with peat-bogs.

This paper addresses the forms, renovation and retrofitting of the rural settlements in the North-western county of Setif in Algeria. This region has a major advantage of being able to have a representation of the traditional rural dwellings within a massive mountain resulted in a particular Berber culture. The study will allow us to understand the relationship of the frame built respecting the physical and socioeconomic constraints, including the ongoing retrofitting.

Many studies are based on the astonishing assumption that the village space is a continuation in another dimension of the urban space; this vision has marginalized village capacities in favour of an image of modernity (technical, social and political), leading to the lost of a whole cultural past. The new constructions care very slightly for ecology. The result is unsuitable houses, uncomfortable, ungracious sites and landscapes.

We shall study here the effects of changes in the construction methods, in terms of a spatial organization, materials and aesthetics. This fact affects the original essence of rural architecture in this region. Is it possible to restore the delicate balance between forms, meanings and functions of theses constructions?

One of the objectives of this work is deepening knowledge on this traditional crafts environment. There is also an interest in the contemporary manifestations of this habitat and forms of these contemporary changes. The data obtained during the field study (the Berber villages) are analysed and evaluated, and guidelines are proposed to improve the methods in intervening on rural housing in this region.