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This paper aims to propose a multi-dimensional model on the basis of the key factors of the flexibility and the complexity through structural equation modeling (SEM). Dimensions of the flexibilities and complexity, including 16 main factors and 34 sub-factors, are investigated. The sampling of the research is accomplished using both academic and industrial experts.

A huge electronic questionnaire analysis, including 1,250 samples from which 1,036 were returned, was accomplished in various universities and manufacturing companies throughout the USA, Europe and Asia. Partial least square-SEM (PLS-SEM) is used to test the hypotheses through confirmatory factor analysis.

The results reveal insightful information about the impacts of different dimensions of flexibility on each other and also the effect of the flexibility on the complexity. Finally, system of linear mathematical equations for flexibility-complexity trade-off is proposed. This can be applied to realize the trade-off among dimensions of flexibility and complexity.

Flexible manufacturing systems are formed to meet the needs of the customers. Such systems try to produce products in appropriate quality at the right time and at the specified quantity. These, in turn, require flexibility and will cause complexity. Although flexibility and complexity are both important, there is no comprehensive framework in which the multi-dimensional relationships of the manufacturing flexibility and complexity, as well as their dimensions, are demonstrated.

The purpose of this study is to add to the existing literature on the impact of organizational changes on psychological contracts by examining the exchange between employer and employee obligations and organizational commitment and intention to turnover in a causal model.

Psychological contracts of 450 health care workers were assessed in a three‐wave longitudinal design, covering a one‐year period. The Tilburg Psychological Contract Questionnaire measures perceived obligations with respect to Job Content, Career Development, Social Atmosphere, Organizational Policies and Rewards (perceived organizational obligations) and In‐role and Extra‐role Obligations (perceived employee obligations). Linear structural equation modeling was used to test the changes in psychological contracts and outcome variables over time, and also to investigate the changes in the relationships between the dependent and independent variables over time.

The results show that organizational changes negatively affect the fulfilment and violation of perceived organizational obligations. However, perceived employee obligations are not affected. The perceived fulfilment of Organizational Policies and violations of the psychological contract in general are most strongly affected.

Empirical longitudinal field research on the effects of organizational changes on psychological contracts is virtually non‐existent. This study is a valuable contribution to psychological contract research, because of the longitudinal nature of the study and the linear structural equation models that are used.

The purpose of this study is to propose a methodological approach for modeling catastrophic consequences caused by black swan events, based on complexity science, and framed on Feyerabend’s anarchistic theory of knowledge. An empirical application is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.

Thom’s nonlinear differential equations of morphogenesis are used to develop a theoretical model of the impact of catastrophes on international business (IB). The model is then estimated using real-world data on the performance of multinational airlines during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic.

The catastrophe model exhibits a remarkable capability to simultaneously capture complex linear and nonlinear relationships. Through empirical estimations and simulations, this approach enables the analysis of IB phenomena under normal conditions, as well as during black swan events.

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first attempt to estimate the impact of black swan events in IB using a catastrophe model grounded in complexity theory. The proposed model successfully integrates the abrupt and profound effects of catastrophes on multinational corporations, offering a critical perspective on the theoretical and practical use of complexity science in IB.

This study attempts to examine the applicability of the Fishbein‐Ajzen behavioral intentions model under Chinese cultural settings. Linear structural equation modeling was utilized to test the competency of the model in explaining the intentions of Chinese consumers from the PRC and Hong Kong to purchase Chuk Kam (24 carat gold) finger rings. As a whole, the Fishbein‐Ajzen model explained well behavioral intentions under the cultural settings in question. Apart from the model’s general applicability in both the PRC and Hong Kong samples, a cross‐sample comparison seemed to suggest that the model performs slightly better in the more internationalized Hong Kong sample. Lastly, an examination of the relative influence of attitudes and subjective norms on consumption intentions revealed the collectivist culture of Chinese consumers. In view of this cultural characteristic, marketers are advised to take full advantage of the dynamics of opinion leadership in shaping the purchasing intentions of their target customers.

The authors aim to present partial least squares (PLS) as an evolving approach to structural equation modeling (SEM), highlight its advantages and limitations and provide an overview of recent research on the method across various fields.

In this review article, the authors merge literatures from the marketing, management, and management information systems fields to present the state-of-the art of PLS-SEM research. Furthermore, the authors meta-analyze recent review studies to shed light on popular reasons for PLS-SEM usage.

PLS-SEM has experienced increasing dissemination in a variety of fields in recent years with nonnormal data, small sample sizes and the use of formative indicators being the most prominent reasons for its application. Recent methodological research has extended PLS-SEM's methodological toolbox to accommodate more complex model structures or handle data inadequacies such as heterogeneity.

While research on the PLS-SEM method has gained momentum during the last decade, there are ample research opportunities on subjects such as mediation or multigroup analysis, which warrant further attention.

This article provides an introduction to PLS-SEM for researchers that have not yet been exposed to the method. The article is the first to meta-analyze reasons for PLS-SEM usage across the marketing, management, and management information systems fields. The cross-disciplinary review of recent research on the PLS-SEM method also makes this article useful for researchers interested in advanced concepts.

The mobilization of funds was severely affected with the linking of their funds mobilization to their internal owned funds. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify the mediating effects of funds with profitability and to focus on the funding strategy to maximize profits in the non‐banking financial sector in India.

The paper discusses various approaches to maximize profits. The study also examines trends in sources of funds using key financial variables. A formative model to capture the mediating effects of funds with profitability is tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The paper includes various financial variables including external and internal funds. These variables' relationship with the core operating profit is tested in a graphical structural equation environment using package software.

Mediating effects of borrowings with profitability are established. The paper concludes that the gap in funds can be matched effectively through mobilization of funds of short duration. The study establishes that a combination of fund raising strategies such as flotation of debentures, bank borrowings and short term funding program can affect profits.

The study is confined to non‐bank finance companies in a particular state in India. The geographical and demographical differences may affect generalization. However, care has been taken to match the geographical and demographical characteristics of the country.

The findings of this paper are of immense value for industry managers, lenders and for financial forecasting within the sector. New entrepreneurs can use the findings in their funding plans.

Based on a sample of 101 teachers from 14 aided secondary schools in Hong Kong, a survey was conducted in March‐April 1994 to collect data about organizational values in schools and teachers’ feelings. Two new instruments, the “School values inventory” and the “Teachers’ feelings questionnaire”, were developed for this study. Using LISREL computer program to analyse the data, builds a linear structural equation model of school values and teachers’ feelings. The result is a LISREL model of school values and teachers’ feelings which indicates that cultural linkage in schools promotes teachers’ feelings of commitment, job satisfaction, sense of community and order and discipline, whereas bureaucratic linkage undermines such feelings. Implies that school principals should resort more to cultural linkages as the strategies to bind people together and to give people meaning in their work.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether awareness to climate change and its adverse impacts have any significant linkages to behavioral changes amongst individual managers who undertake initiatives to minimize/mitigate the impacts.

A theoretical framework based on different aspects of awareness possibly leading to behavior change has been proposed. Subsequently, the results from an empirical research based on a survey questionnaire as research instrument, are analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to validate the framework and the research question.

Awareness to the climate change phenomenon does lead to significant behavioral change amongst managers in the industry, alleviating the potential and existing threats of climate change phenomenon. In particular, the awareness to health impacts of climate change has significantly impacted individuals taking up the cause to lead climate change campaigns to counter its onslaught.

The research is conducted in a population confined to a single region in India. Its scope needs to be broadened to encompass the entire country.

The findings should lead to widespread awareness campaigns emphasizing on awareness to adverse health disorders as a direct result of climate change and its other adverse impacts, and also the individual initiatives that can be taken up as well as what the industry can do.

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and burnout among vice‐principals (VPs) in primary schools.

A total of 103 VPs at 103 different primary schools in Germany were surveyed with a questionnaire that assessed the four dimensions of psychological empowerment (competence, meaning, self‐determination, and impact), emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Participants also reported demographic data, including days absent from work over the past year. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the proposed hypotheses.

Regarding the consequences of empowerment, SEM revealed a strong indirect relationship with emotional exhaustion via job satisfaction. The direct relationship between empowerment and emotional exhaustion did not reach statistical significance. Of the dimensions of empowerment, competence and meaning were the strongest predictors of the outcomes. Emotional exhaustion and days absent from work were positively related.

Job related burnout can cause serious consequences for the individual and the school, because VPs have a central role in the functioning of primary schools. Since the empowerment dimensions competence and meaning have the strongest influence, measures should be implemented to foster them. Because job satisfaction is highly related to emotional exhaustion, it could serve as an early alert system. For this reason, VPs should be surveyed at regular intervals regarding their job satisfaction.

The study is the first that examines the relationship between psychological empowerment, satisfaction, and burnout among VPs in schools.

Drawing on COR theory, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to the scarce literature of work-family interference, workplace incivility, gender and psychological distress at the practical and academic juncture.

The linear (structural equation modeling (SEM)) and non-linear (artificial neural network (ANN)) techniques were applied to the survey data from a sample of Nigerian health workers (n=447) to investigate the relationships between the aforementioned variables.

The results from SEM and ANN revealed that work-family conflict (WFC), family-work conflict, supervisor incivility and coworker incivility have positive impacts on psychological distress. A multi-group moderation analysis suggests that women were more likely to experience psychological distress.

The work-family interference and incivility are pervasive and gendered problems in the workplace. This paper strives to enhance the understanding of the nature of the relationship in an African work setting. The implications for making the workplace better and safer are discussed.