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In recent years consumers in Belgium have shown a great interest for foods from the short supply chain. The difference with the conventional chain is that in the short supply chain the primary products are locally processed and sold directly by the producer to the consumer. The short supply chain has different microbiological quality and safety aspects in comparison with the conventional chain. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate these aspects.

The methodology consists of analyzing the available scientific literature and results of microbiological analyses on foods from the short supply chain.

The main findings were that Listeria monocytogenes was frequently detected (15 percent) in sampled raw dairy products whereas Salmonella was not isolated in 1,023 samples. Human pathogenic vero (cyto) toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. are potential hazards, in particular for products that are not thermally treated. Data with regard to E. coli counts showed a greater variability in products from the short supply chain compared to the conventional chain.

The paper discusses strengths and weaknesses with impact on microbial quality and safety in operation of food safety management in the short supply chain vs the conventional chain.

This is the first paper that assesses the risks from the short supply chain vs the conventional chain and that makes recommendations for operators in the short supply chain.

To meet the challenges of global competition, American managers are forcing to re think the way they do business and re‐evaluate the way they communicate. Effective corporate communication plays an essential role to make American companies become fast, flexible and competitive. This article covers two major areas of the new developments of corporate communication: changing corporate communication flow and bridging culture differences by cross‐cultural communication.

Federal budget problems have been significant national issues throughout the 1980s. One can hardly read a newspaper or listen to the broadcast media without reference to budget‐related topics. Public opinion supports this concern. Seventy‐six percent of those responding to a Gallup Poll taken prior to the 1988 presidential election indicated they consider reduction of the budget deficit the new administration's top priority. An additional 21 percent believed it should be a medium priority. A second poll taken in late January 1989 found that 59 percent of the respondents favored a constitutional amendment that would require Washington to balance the budget. In 1985, the figure was only 49 percent.

The fact that full employment is not merely unfeasible but impossible is attested by all history. With the exception of relatively short periods, usually accompanied by war, no country has ever succeeded in achieving and maintaining full employment, despite various and often desperate efforts (Garraty).

Fieldwork is one of the hallmarks of anthropology. Almost all students of anthropology have geographical and cultural specializations, ranging from a small group to a nation. Their interest areas are often identified or marked by real or putative boundaries; and it is within these boundaries that anthropologists have “founded” their own villages and tribes — “my village”, “my tribe.”

Use studies are often important in making decisions about weeding shelves. Circulation records, combined with measures of inhouse use and with more subjective estimations of the value of books, help determine which books may be discarded or relegated to storage. For example, one can predict—and studies have borne out this prediction—that if a book has not circulated within five years of its acquisition, chances are it will not circulate at all. Such a book may be a good candidate for weeding. The question is whether one can also make predictions about books that are used. Studies have shown that books decline in use as they age. If one can determine the rate of this decline, one may be able to predict when books in use will fall into disuse—and thus become candidates for weeding.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.

Volume 25 celebrates the 25th year of publication for the American Journal of Business (AJB). Launched by eight MAC schools of business in March 1986, the Journal has featured more than 700 authors who have contributed more than 330 research articles at the intersection of theory and practice. From accounting to marketing, management to finance, the Journal prominently covers the breadth of the business disciplines as a general business outlet intended for both practitioners and academics. As the Journal reaches out beyond the MAC in sponsorship, authorship, and readership, we assess the Journal’s first quarter century of impact.

THE setting of the Institute's annual meetings is a splendid stage that never changes and where the play is performed only once. This year, more than ever before, it was a play worth attending. Nor could one complain of the attendance, though there were fewer executives present; the leaders of the aviation business are probably too busy facing the hardships of the times.

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the ways in which World War II ideologically interacted with education and social networks within a school context, on the basis of a pupil's diary. More specifically, this paper looks at pupils’ active involvement in contesting the patriotic school climate and deals with the effects of what happens when the predominant school's belief or value system is questioned “from below”.

The paper presents a case study of ideological conflict in a Flemish school, the Sint-Jozefscollege in Turnhout, during the second half of 1940. It is primarily based on the diary of one pupil.

The author argue that the diary can reveal the ways in which the war did or did not penetrate language and daily school life and that this type of research enables us to grasp the many complexities of past society, or even, to some extent, offers a corrective for the “grand narrative” of both educational and World War II history, which unavoidably present some generalisations. This paper suggests that this grand narrative could benefit from the confrontation with personal documents that focus more on private interpretations of these big events.

As a result of the prevalent use of “traditional” written sources in historiography, the history of war-time schooling “at the chalk face” in large part remains virgin territory. The diary is one of few sources that leave us with an idea of pupils’ experiences in the period under review.