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Genetic and environmental factors are associated with psychosis risk, but the latter present more tangible markers for prevention. We conducted a theoretical exercise to estimate the proportion of psychotic illnesses that could be prevented if we could identify and remove all factors that lead to increased incidence associated with ethnic minority status and urbanicity. Measures of impact by population density and ethnicity were estimated from incidence rate ratios [IRR] obtained from two methodologically‐similar first episode psychosis studies in four UK centres. Multilevel Poisson regression was used to estimate IRR, controlling for confounders. Population attributable risk fractions [PAR] were estimated for our study population and the population of England. We considered three outcomes; all clinically relevant ICD‐10 psychotic illnesses [F10‐39], non‐affective psychoses [F20‐29] and affective psychoses [F30‐39]. One thousand and twenty‐nine subjects, aged 18‐64, were identified over 2.4 million person‐years. Up to 22% of all psychoses in England (46.9% within our study areas) could be prevented if exposures associated with increased incidence in ethnic minority populations could be removed; this is equivalent to 66.9% within ethnic minority groups themselves. For non‐affective psychoses only, PAR for population density was large and significant (27.5%); joint PAR with ethnicity was 61.7%. Effect sizes for common socio‐environmental risk indicators for psychosis are large; inequalities were marked. This analysis demonstrates potential importance in another light: we need to move beyond current epidemiological approaches to elucidate exact socio‐environmental factors that underpin urbanicity and ethnic minority status as markers of increased risk by incorporating gene‐environment interactions that adopt a multi disciplinary perspective.

We investigate the application of a least squares finite element method for the solution of fluid flow problems. The least squares finite element method is based on the minimization of the L2 norm of the equation residuals. Upon discretization, the formulation results in a symmetric, positive definite matrix system which enables efficient iterative solvers to be used. The other motivations behind the development of least squares finite element methods are the applicability of higher order elements and the possibility of using the norm associated to the least squares functional for error estimation. For steady incompressible flows, we develop a method employing linear and quadratic triangular elements and compare their respective accuracy. For steady compressible flows, an implicit conservative least squares scheme which can capture shocks without the addition of artificial viscosity is proposed. A refinement strategy based upon the use of the least squares residuals is developed and several numerical examples are used to illustrate the capabilities of the method when implemented on unstructured triangular meshes.

An upwind unstructured grid cell‐centred scheme for the solution of the compressible Euler and Navier‐Stokes equations in two dimensions is presented. The algorithm employs a finite volume formulation. Calculation of the inviscid fluxes is based on the approximate Riemann solver of Roe. Viscous fluxes are obtained from solution gradients computed by a variational recovery procedure. Higher order accuracy is achieved through performing a monotonic linear reconstruction of the solution over each cell. The steady state is obtained by a point implicit time integration of the unsteady equations using local time stepping. For supersonic inviscid flow an alternative space marching algorithm is proposed. This latter approach is applicable to supersonic flow fields containing regions of local subsonic flow. Numerical results are presented to show the performance of the proposed scheme for inviscid and viscous flows.

Thermal solidification processes are an important concern in today’s manufacturing technology. Because of the complex geometric nature of real‐world problems, analytical techniques with closed‐form solutions are scarce and/or not feasible. As a consequence, various numerical techniques have been employed for the numerical simulations. Of interest in the present paper are thermal solidification problems involving single or multiple arbitary phases. In order to effectively handle such problems, the finite element method is employed in conjunction with adaptive time stepping approaches to accurately and effectively track the various phase fronts and describe the physics of phase front interactions and thermal behaviour. In conjunction with the enthalpy method which is employed to handle the latent heat release, a fixed‐grid finite element technique and an automatic time stepping approach which uses the norm of the temperature distribution differences between adjacent time step levels to control the error are employed with the scale of the norm being automatically selected. Several numerical examples, including single and multiple phase change problems, are described.

Within the field of medical sociology, there is an extensive body of literature on notable family transitions and stages in the reproductive cycle, such as getting married or becoming a parent, as they relate to mental health and well-being. However, the transition to becoming a completed family, that is, the process of determining or recognizing that one’s family is complete, is notably absent. In response to this empirical gap, this chapter presents findings from 114 semi-structured interviews with participants who reported having at least one child and who considered their family to be complete. First, the concept of “family completion” is introduced and conceptualized based on the qualitative considerations of participants and the contextual medical sociology literature. Then, thematic considerations around the process of family completion, related emotional preparations, and factors associated with mental health and well-being are explored. Findings suggest that family completion can be an important transitional period for parents and can be associated with emotional hardship for some individuals. Participants described experiencing conflict with their partner if they disagreed on the completion decision, frustration and sadness related to infertility, and/or feelings of loss or depression when completion was regarded as the end of a personal or familial life phase. This chapter concludes that creating a cultural context in which family completion is a recognized family transition period may spur intentional consideration among parents and promote the design of intervention services for parents experiencing changes in mental health or well-being.

The transition from pediatric to adult health care is challenging for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many tools have been developed to facilitate transition but studies have not assessed their utility or readiness to be implemented in primary care practices. The purpose of this paper is to rate existing health care transition tools to identify tools ready for use in primary care clinics and develop a set of transition principles.

Four pediatric and family medicine providers from community health centers reviewed 12 transition tools and provided ratings and in-depth responses about the usefulness and feasibility of each tool through online surveys and telephone interviews. A conference call was used to discuss the findings and develop a set of transition principles.

The top rated tools included three youth self-management tools, two tools focused on ASD information and one tool focused on communication. No one tool was top rated by all providers and none of the tools was ready to be implemented without revisions. The transition principles developed focused on the use of selected tools to involve all youth in regular conversations about transition at every well child visit beginning at age 14 and adapting that process for youth with special needs.

This study is unique in asking primary care providers to assess the applicability of incorporating existing and publicly available transition tools in their own practices and developing a set of transition principles.

This chapter provides valuable insights around the entrepreneurial landscapes of the twenty-first century, as well as the inherent stressors that may impact entrepreneurial well-being and performance. As the World Health Organization declares stress as the epidemic of the twenty-first century, entrepreneurs face increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous contexts, or what the Army War College refers to as “VUCA” environments. In these contexts, traditional models of leadership and stress management in entrepreneurship require tapping into new, sometimes previously untapped and underdeveloped resources. Resources such as Psychological Capital (Luthans, Youssef-Morgan, & Avolio, 2007), Algorithmic Leadership (Harms & Han, 2018), and wearable biometric technologies (Tsuji, Sato, Yano, Broad, & Luthans, 2019) that exploit big data analytics powered by artificial intelligence will be invaluable to entrepreneurs as they manage stress, and build and maintain their competitive edges.