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Within the context of ESG (Environment, Social and Governance), environmental sustainability has taken on increased global importance in recent years. Similarly, real estate investment managers in developing their global real estate investment portfolios need a fuller understanding of the ESG and environmental sustainability dimensions of these global real estate markets for more informed real estate investment decisions. Using the JLL GRETI sustainability sub-index, this paper examines the environmental sustainability transparency status of 99 global real estate markets over 2016–2020 and explores various strategic issues regarding ESG and environmental sustainability; particularly the critical issues relating to climate risk mitigation, climate resilience and zero-carbon. The current status of environmental sustainability in these 99 real estate markets is assessed, with areas for “best practice” improvement identified to the benefit of real estate investment managers; particularly the improvements needed in ESG to support real estate investment in the emerging real estate markets.

The JLL GRETI sustainability sub-index is analysed to examine strategic issues relating to environmental sustainability transparency. 99 real estate markets are assessed globally for a range of critical ESG issues over 2016–2020. Differences between the developed and emerging real estate markets are highlighted.

Considerable variation was seen in the ESG and environmental sustainability practices, procedures and frameworks across these 99 real estate markets. This was particularly evident amongst the emerging real estate markets. Compared to the other five dimensions for real estate market transparency, environmental sustainability was seen to be well behind these other dimensions in most markets. Progress has been made in recent years, but it has been slow and steady rather than at a dynamic level. Clearly, more is needed globally to enhance the stature of environmental sustainability in the context of an increasing focus on ESG and specifically on climate risk mitigation, climate resilience and zero-carbon in real estate investment.

With ESG and environmental sustainability taking on increased importance across the international real estate markets, it is important that real estate fund managers have a full understanding of the ESG and environmental sustainability status of these real estate markets where they may be considering real estate investment opportunities; this includes both the developed and emerging real estate markets. This is essential to ensure future capital raising for new funds, as well as supporting the global ESG agenda by the real estate investment community. Specific strategies are also identified for emerging real estate markets to improve their environmental sustainability practices and ESG status.

This is the first paper to use the JLL GRETI sustainability sub-index to assess the environmental sustainability status of 99 real estate markets globally; providing strategic insights for real estate investment managers as they develop their global real estate portfolios and more fully embrace the challenges of ESG and environmental sustainability in the real estate space going forward. Specific strategies are clearly identified for all markets to improve their environmental sustainability ratings to the benefit of both global real estate investment and the broader communities.

Real estate market transparency is an important factor in real estate investment and occupier decision making. The purpose of this paper is to assess real estate transparency over 2004-2014 to determine whether the European real estate markets have become more transparent in a regional and global context.

Using the JLL real estate transparency index over 2004-2014, changes in real estate market transparency are assessed for 102 real estate markets. This JLL real estate market transparency index is also assessed against corruption levels and business competitiveness in these markets.

Improvements in real estate transparency are clearly evident in many European real estate markets, with several of these European real estate markets seen to be the major improvers in transparency from a global real estate markets perspective.

Institutional investors and occupiers see real estate market transparency as a key factor in their strategic real estate investment and occupancy decision making. By assessing changes in real estate transparency across 102 real estate markets, investors and occupiers are able to make more informed real estate investment decisions across the global real estate markets. In particular, this relates to both investors and occupiers being able to more fully understand the risk dimensions of their international real estate decisions.

This paper is the first paper to assess the dynamics of real estate market transparency over 2004-2014, with a particular focus on the 33 European real estate markets in a global context to facilitate more informed real estate investment and occupancy decision making.

ARIMA models have been extensively examined in the context of the real estate market. The purpose of this paper is to examine issues relating to their application in a forecasting context. Specifically, the paper seeks to examine whether in‐sample measures of best‐fit and also past forecasting accuracy bear any relation to future forecasting performance.

The forecasting performance of alternative ARIMA specifications are compared over rolling estimation and forecasting windows. The forecasting accuracy of the alternative specifications is compared with specific attention placed on the accuracy of the respective specification that in‐sample provides the best fitting model.

The results highlight the limitations in using the conventional approach to identifying the best‐specified ARIMA model in sample, when the purpose of the analysis is to provide forecasts. The results show that while ARIMA models can be useful in anticipating broad market trends, there are substantial differences in the forecasts obtained using alternative specifications. The use of conventional measures of best‐fit provide little indication as to future forecasting ability, nor does the forecasting performance of a specification in previous periods.

ARIMA modelling has frequently been highlighted as a useful forecasting approach. This paper illustrates that care needs to be paid in their use in a forecasting context and full appreciation of the strengths and limitations of the ARIMA approach.

This paper aims to detail key findings from Jones Lang LaSalle's (JLL's) biennial Global Corporate Real Estate Trends (GCRES) 2013 study and highlight risks for corporate real estate (CRE) departments arising from global trends.

JLL's second GCRES report is based on a survey conducted in 2012, concluding in December. Its findings are based on 636 responses from CRE executives spread across 39 countries, representing a 24 increase in respondents from the 2011 survey. The base sample used within the report covers 545 companies, each employing more than 1,000 people worldwide. Survey responses reflect the views of CRE leaders from a diverse range of sectors, domicile and operational locations, as well as companies of varied size.

The paper focuses on risks to the CRE function arising from the most significant trends, such as portfolio right-sizing in mature US and European markets versus growth opportunities in emerging markets. Such risks include excessive real estate cost cutting and lack of investment capital for revenue-enhancing workplace strategies; procurement-driven outsourcing decisions; the focus on cost-per-square-foot rather than more holistic productivity metrics; the growth of shared services; and the challenging of entering less-developed markets that have significantly less market transparency that mature regions. CRE professionals will gain valuable and timely insights into current trends, along with practical guidance for responding to these trends and risks.

This paper focuses on global trends. However, mature and emerging markets tend to diverge in terms of trends and risks facing CRE executives. An individual country may diverge significantly from the overall global trend.

The global financial crisis increased the importance of CRE to CEOs as a tangible lever for enhancing revenue growth – even as cost-cutting has resulted in historic lows in the departmental budgets, and a slashed pool of in-house talent. Amid continuing global economic challenges, CRE executives now face new C-suite demands to dramatically affect the culture, productivity and performance of their companies.

This study is one of very few that includes data about CRE outsourcing trends, the growth of the shared services model and numerous other trends affecting CRE executives.

International investors have shown considerable recent interest regarding property investment in China via both direct and indirect property. The purpose of this paper is to assess the significance and performance of the China commercial property market compared to six developed and emerging commercial property markets in Asia.

This paper analyses the performance of commercial property in China over 1998‐2007 for both direct and indirect property. Risk‐adjusted performance analysis is used to assess the added value of China commercial property in a pan‐Asia portfolio, with the portfolio diversification benefits of China commercial property also assessed. Sub‐period analyses are also used to assess the dynamics of China commercial property.

This paper finds that China commercial property has shown significantly enhanced performance and diversification benefits in recent years. In a pan‐Asia property fund context, there are clear diversification benefits provided by China commercial property, with these benefits also being evident in the other Asian property markets. The findings highlight the benefits of a pan‐Asia property investment strategy by international property investors, as well as the key benefits and added‐value of including China commercial property in this pan‐Asia property investment strategy.

Previous empirical research into the China commercial property markets has been very limited. This paper rigorously assesses the role of China commercial property in a pan‐Asia property portfolio context. Given the increasing interest by the leading international property investors regarding investing in China commercial property, this research enables more informed and practical investment decision‐making regarding the role of both direct and indirect China commercial property as part of a pan‐Asia institutional property investment strategy.

This purpose of this paper is to investigate the current level of transparency based on the customised transparency matrix (TM) amongst the top listed property companies in Malaysia, based on capital market value. Furthermore, this paper discusses the concept of transparency from the perspective of Malaysian property markets.

Data for this research were collected from the top 30 property companies in Malaysia through their annual reports and corporate websites. The indicator of transparency was developed based on various literature surveys and other research findings. Using the developed indicators, the study analysed the transparency attributes from TM of the top 30 listed property companies in Malaysia.

In terms of transparency levels and widely implemented transparency elements, the findings revealed that Malaysian property companies were within a “good level” range.

The research is based on a study of the top 30 listed property companies in Malaysia based on market capital values as at 30th June 2010.

This paper examines the transparency level of property companies in Malaysia based on each company's current annual report. The findings provide some insights and guidelines for the industry as well as academics on the transparency level particularly in Malaysian property business.

The significant economic growth and urbanisation of China in recent years has seen increased importance given to infrastructure development in China; this includes airports, toll roads, communications, ports, power plants and water. The purpose of this paper is to assess the significance and investment performance of infrastructure in China, the linkages to commercial property markets and the increasing future role of international private infrastructure investors in China.

This paper analyses the performance of infrastructure in China over 1995‐2006. Using the Hong Kong‐listed China infrastructure companies, risk‐adjusted performance analysis is used to assess the added value of China infrastructure, with the portfolio diversification benefits of China infrastructure also assessed.

The paper finds that China infrastructure has delivered significant and improved risk‐adjusted returns, but there is evidence of some recent loss of diversification benefits by China infrastructure in a portfolio. The strong linkage between effective infrastructure and effective commercial property markets is particularly important, as international investors seek to increase their exposure to China's infrastructure and commercial property markets to add value in their international investment portfolios.

This is the first paper to rigorously assess the significance and performance of infrastructure in China. This risk‐adjusted analysis has enabled more informed and practical investment decision making by international investors regarding the significance and role of China infrastructure and the associated strong linkage to the commercial property markets in China. This will take on increased importance as international investors increase the significance of both China infrastructure and China commercial property in their portfolios.

The intent of this paper is to identify the role that comparable evidence plays in property valuation and how the availability and use of comparable evidence varies between different countries and jurisdictions across Europe.

The paper is an overview of the role of comparable evidence, in all its forms, in property valuation. Through a survey of individuals and professional valuation associations, the relevant importance of different forms of market evidence was assessed and ranked according to the business transparency of the market in question.

The findings of this study helped inform The European Group of Valuers' Associations (TEGOVA) when setting the European Valuation Standards (EVS). The definition of Comparable Evidence should not be so narrow as to only include transactional evidence.

The role of the professional property valuer is to provide value estimates for a range of purposes but when that purpose is to assess Market Value, the importance of pricing to market cannot be over-stated.

This provides guidance on how to identify and use comparable evidence to undertake valuations for Market Value.

The outlook for investment yields is one of the key uncertainties facing the real estate investor at any time. By examining the relationship of yields to other factors across a large number of office markets, in many countries, over five years, the paper aims to establish relationships with important explanatory factors.

The paper uses a panel estimation to pick up both the relationship between yields and the explanatory variables both in different locations and at different times. By using both a time and location dimension it is thought that a “truer” generic relationship can be estimated. Using this method aggregates all the available information simultaneously to establish the relationship between office yields and explanatory variables.

The results show that: locations with higher short‐term interest rates will on average have higher yields; liquid markets tend to have lower yields and similarly, transparent markets and markets with longer leases have lower yields.

As well as the practical applications of this analysis, it makes an academic contribution as yields remain poorly understood and most studies examine time series data in only one country. This international study is the fist of its kind.