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The purpose of this paper is to re‐discover the nature of the crime of terrorist financing in order to challenge the assumption which requires the criminalization of terrorist financing as a predicate crime to money laundering.

Illustrating the nature of the crime of terrorist financing and money laundering, the necessity of the criminalization of terrorist financing as an inchoate crime in accordance with the principles of Islamic criminal law will be examined.

While the criminalization of money laundering in Islam is based on the illegality of crimes already happened, impermissibility of terrorist financing needs to be forward‐looking, concentrating on the destination of the crime of terrorist financing. This requires criminalization of terrorist financing as an inchoate offence which is compatible with the principles of Islamic criminal law.

The paper provides new insight into the criminalization of terrorist financing.

IT is no bad thing to sit back periodically and try to get a general view of the position we have arrived at. AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING has attempted to do this from time to time by publishing articles of a general character on some particular aspect of aeronautics in which a survey was made of the state of existing knowledge. The advantage of summaries of this nature is that they bring to the notice of a wide circle the information that is available for engineers and designers—we are writing, at the moment, of articles on research work—so that they may know with some precision where they stand. They also have the benefit, as we have been told on several occasions, from the author's point of view of forcing him to clarify his ideas. There is no more healthy mental occupation than the setting down in black and white of all that one knows on a particular subject. It is amazing how inchoate ideas, previously only half‐formed in the brain, prove to be when an attempt is made to put them in orderly array for others to read—and criticise. All except perhaps the most logically‐minded will find at once how ignorant they actually are; and the forced reference to notebooks and data may well show that previously formed views were based on wrong premises or on unwittingly prejudiced views. Isolated trees which have begun to assume a disproportionate importance in the mental landscape recede into their proper place as part of the general wood, when they are viewed again with the telescope, as it were, reversed. These surveys also have the advantage of providing a platform or landing for rest and reflection before starting on a fresh stage of progress, while they serve to bring out any gaps that may exist in the coherence and sequence of previous investigations.

Several empirical attempts have investigated boardroom processes and their impact on the governing team decision-making. Such attempts, however, have derived in inchoate results opening new methodological debates and leaving the underlying patterns of board processes obscure. This paper aims to shed light on these patterns by empirically examining the interrelation among the three central constructs involved in board decision-making: know-how, demographic diversity and directors’ social interactions.

A framework of interrelation among know-how, demographic diversity and social interactions was conceptually built and empirically validated with partial least squares structural equation modelling applied to archival data from a sample of 87 boards of directors of Spanish, German and UK listed companies.

Results unmask the intricacies of behavioural processes involved in know-how-demography relation: demographic diversity contribution to know-how is totally and positively mediated by directors’ social interactions. This reveals the power of directors’ socialization frequency in determining processes and predicting know-how.

The paper offers a new pathway to manage board know-how and to make board diversity effective. It also opens a door to an innovative empirical methodology to make board processes emerge, one that overcomes methodological limitations of previous efforts.

This is so far the only study that examines and measures holistically the structural interrelation among the three central constructs determining board decisions and performance: know-how, diversity and social interactions.

It does not seem too much to argue that high quality reference works, always crucial to the effective pursuit of research, have become increasingly important with the continuing proliferation of information as well as the increasingly complex need to capture ways of organizing it. Nor is it too much to say, unfortunately, that, even while this is so, reference works are well on their way to becoming the orphans of academic publishing. Today, more than ever, the publication of reference tools is largely in the hands of a few publishers, who depend on marketing techniques (particularly the packaging of books into series) rather than on the inherent quality of, or demonstrated need for, particular reference tools. Moreover (a point to which I will return), reference works are increasingly appearing in print as the inchoate and offhand products of desktop publishing.

AS there is a traditional connection between literature and licensed premises, I may begin (though it be to my detriment) with a tavern reminiscence. Some years ago, at a highly decorous hour in the evening I got myself into a quiet corner of an old‐fashioned Hampstead house, having it in mind to turn over the pages of an advance copy of a new book in which I took a special interest. I suppose my pre‐occupation looked unsociable. Anyhow, it was remarked by a group of local tradesmen, substantial men all, and one a borough councillor. It was the borough councillor, I think, that checked me. “Well, Mr. C,” he boomed out,—it is a point of London public‐house etiquette, the origin of which would be worth investigation, that you must never take the liberty of addressing a gentleman by his surname but only by its initial—“Well, Mr. C, that must be a very interesting book. Something by old Edgar Wallace, eh?” “No,” I said, “I only wish it were,” and yielded up the book to his outstretched hand. He examined it with the curiosity of an unspoiled savage. “Nice lookin',” he murmured, “but not much in my line o' country, I should say.” Then at the sight of the title‐page he exploded. “Gawd, Mr. C, did you write all this?” I confessed that I had, and at once found myself the object of, I can't say the admiration of the group, but of their profoundest interest. The volume was passed round, fingered and frowned over and returned to me. A few seconds of embarrassed silence followed; but presently the borough councillor thrust his hands well into his trouser pockets, fixed his eyes upon the dim distance of the four‐ale bar, thoughtfully swayed backwards and forwards and spoke. “Well, I don't think I've ever read a book—not in all my life,” he said. His friends breathed something that was too slight to be called a sigh but was unmistakably an inchoate “hear, hear.” The matter then dropped. I stole humbly away, leaving them to continue their wrangle about Chelsea and the Arsenal (or it may have been Jimmy Wilde or the Lincolnshire—I cannot, as Mr. Belloc would say, be positive which).

Several aspects of the e‐book revolution are reviewed, as well as some related issues confronting libraries. Regardless of format, texts and text‐bearing devices have relationships of mutual dependence, and readers simultaneously experience both. The dominant relationship between texts and text‐bearing devices is shifting from static to dynamic. The e‐book revolution is more about new distribution systems for content, new digital rights management systems, and perhaps an unwitting or inchoate power struggle among the principal interested parties, than it is about the design and diffusion of dedicated reading devices. The e‐book revolution opens up possibilities for new and improved post‐retrieval processing of texts, defined as anything a person can do with a text after it has been retrieved. Librarians need to reassert – especially to the fledgling e‐book industry – the enduring principle of libraries as a social good. The two biggest challenges facing libraries are how to make the transition to an era dominated by dynamic relationships between texts and text‐bearing devices, and how to foster and facilitate robust and complex post‐retrieval processing of texts.

The purpose of this systematic review was to explore the nature of the marketing of higher education (HE) and universities in an international context. The objectives of the review were to: systematically collect, document, scrutinise and critically analyse the current research literature on supply‐side higher education marketing; establish the scope of higher education marketing; identify gaps in the research literature; and make recommendations for further research in this field.

The approach for this study entailed extensive searches of relevant business management and education databases. The intention was to ensure that, as far as possible, all literature in the field was identified – while keeping the focus on literature of greatest pertinence to the research questions.

The paper finds that potential benefits of applying marketing theories and concepts that have been effective in the business world are gradually being recognised by researchers in the field of HE marketing. However, the literature on HE marketing is incoherent, even inchoate, and lacks theoretical models that reflect upon the particular context of HE and the nature of their services.

The research field of HE marketing is still at a relatively pioneer stage with much research still to be carried out both from a problem identification and strategic perspective.

Despite the substantial literature on the marketisation of HE and consumer behaviour, scholarship to provide evidence of the marketing strategies that have been implemented by HE institutions on the supply‐side remains limited, and this is relatively uncharted territory. This paper reviews the literature in the field, focusing on marketing strategies in the rapidly developing HE international market.

This paper seeks to explore the origins of these inchoate changes and shifts in perception and experience of urban dwelling places and electronic spaces by tracing out their implications for the agenda of sustainable cities.The paper first considers the movement from Netville, the cybercommunity generated among technical experts and scholars associated with the building of the Internet, to Cybercities, the various online communities emerging from ARPA’s seemingly anarchic communications network. It pays particular attention to the “rules of play” that governed the construction of the Internet and the kind of egalitarian community of competence that those rules engendered. The analysis explores the import of those “rules of play” for “Emerald City,” a sustainability game for designing sustainable cities. The last section then shifts from participatory design process as game to an ongoing design project – the Westbahnhof project. This project, demonstrates the relevance of both the “rules of play” and the sustainability game in building sustainable cities of the future in an open, democratic, and participatory fashion.

HR managers have known for many years about the demographic time bomb, and more recently have been urged to take age positive1 approaches to the management of their organisations. However, conversations and seminars with many of those who devise and steer human resource management policies in organisations, suggest that understanding of demographic change is sometimes limited and coping strategies often absent or inchoate. This paper will briefly explore the demographic context and comment briefly on the main policy responses in relation to workforce issues. It will then consider the sorts of measures that might be needed to make work compatible with a significantly older working population. Taken together, these strands will hopefully weave a picture that meets our purpose of forward looking conjecture.

Mask projection micro‐stereolithography (MPμSLA) is an additive manufacturing process capable for fabricating true three‐dimensional microparts and hence, holds promise as a potential 3D MEMS fabrication process. With only a few MPμSLA systems developed and studied so far, the research in this field is inchoate and experimental in nature. In order to employ the MPμSLA technology for microfabrication, it is necessary to model its part building process and formulate a process planning method to cure dimensionally accurate microparts. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a process planning method for curing dimensionally accurate layers.

A MPμSLA system is designed and assembled. The process of curing a single layer in resin using this system is modeled as the layer cure model. The layer cure model is validated by curing test layers. This model is used to formulate a process planning method to cure dimensionally accurate layers. The process planning method is tested by conducting a case study.

The layer cure model is found to be valid within 3 percent for most of the features and within 10 percent for very small features (<250μm). The paper shows that ray tracing can be effectively used to model the process of irradiation of the resin surface in a MPμSLA system.

The process planning method is applicable only to those imaging systems, which are aberration limited as opposed to diffraction limited. The dimensional errors in the lateral dimensions of single layers cured by MPμSLA have been modeled, but not the vertical errors in 3D parts.

In this paper, a process planning method for MPμSLA has been presented for the first time.