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Cyber threats present constantly evolving and unique challenges to national security professionals at all levels of government. Public and private sector entities also face a constant stream of cyberattacks through varied methods by actors with myriad motivations. These threats are not expected to diminish in the near future. As a result, homeland security and national security professionals at all levels of government must understand the unique motivations and capabilities of malicious cyber actors in order to better protect against and respond to cyberattacks. This chapter outlines the most common cyberattacks; explains the motivations behind these attacks; and describes the federal, state, and local efforts to address these threats.

This chapter explores social enterprises as an alternative and addition to traditional entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). It reviews the substantial social enterprise literature in order to identify the myriad of competing tensions constraining development and success of social EEs in areas of significant poverty and economic deprivation. Following this, the findings of several contemporary and novel studies are discussed. These collectively evidence ways social enterprises are overcoming the seemingly immutable constraints they operate under. In particular, the Social Enterprise Places initiative has been highly effective in supporting the development of flourishing social EEs in many locations in the UK. However, the growth of social enterprises, both in number and economic importance, presents further challenges that social enterprise owners and managers will have to contend with. Consequently, these organisations and their allied ecosystems require continued structural, financial and skills support.

Purpose: A cyber insurance policy’s purpose is to help in the recovering of a person or corporation following a cyber breach and to compensate for civil suit expenses stemming from first- and third-party responsibility claims.

Methodology: The usage of cybersecurity spending has forecast a variety of security categories using F&S projection methodology. Each of these is suited to the end-user organisations of in-scope security mechanisms, as well as the particular market circumstances. Critical national infrastructure (CNI), immigration control, big events, first responding, executive branch, infrastructure, and transportation security are among the worldwide forecast categories. This segmentation is further subdivided into 16 subsegments, each with its own security forecasting system. F&S protection marketplaces are anticipated using a bottom-up technique for each nation, which adds up to worldwide market penetration. This covers 177 nations spread throughout seven zones.

Findings: The cybersecurity insurer industry was valued at USD 7.36 billion in 2020 and is predicted to be worth USD 27.83 billion by 2026, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 24.30% during the forecast time frame (2021–2026). The expanding use of digitalisation innovations such as the cloud, big data, mobile computing, internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI) across more lines of employment and society, as well as improved connectivity, have enhanced the burden of already overburdened information technology (IT) staff.

Practical implications: Accepted the innovative Insurance Data Security Model Law (#668), which necessitates insurance providers and other agencies registered by government insurance agencies to advance, integrate, and establish an information security management system; start investigating any cybersecurity events; and advise the private insurance superintendent of such happenings. Too far, the approach has been embraced by governorates.

Besides the widespread harm and dreadful impact COVID-19 has caused, it brought about change. Interpreting the pandemic as a ‘change agent’, it is possible to observe how it accelerated the use of digital technologies, facilitating the migration of many activities to the virtual sphere and thus changing the interaction between the physical and virtual worlds. Although the pandemic accelerated the diffusion and adoption of digital technologies, allowing many to avoid or reduce the harms caused by the pandemic, not everyone benefitted to the same extent. The pandemic exacerbated existing digital divides while creating new ones, simultaneously elevating important policy debates regarding digital infrastructure and inclusion policies.

Border security is a crucial part of the country’s broader homeland security efforts. It is a multifaceted and complex issue which attempts to accomplish two seemingly contradictory objectives – the prevention of people and goods from entering the country, while at the same time, facilitating lawful travel and trade. Although it is primarily a federal responsibility, securing the border crosses over multiple homeland security domains, as well jurisdictions. In recent years, numerous strategies and structures have been implemented to foster a whole-of-government approach to border security. This chapter presents border security in the larger context of homeland security. It examines the strategies and coordinating structures developed to create a secured border and an overview of the interaction of law enforcement agencies at the various jurisdictional levels. Although these structures create a robust network of mutually supportive agencies to effectuate border security, a major strategic challenge to securing the nation’s borders still persists.