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This study examines whether education in developing countries directly impacts their foreign income from the top export sector.

As most developing countries follow developed nations to shape their development, this study assumes developing countries as education-follower and developed countries as education-leader countries. Considering selected countries from the South Asian Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and African countries as follower countries and Group of Seven (G7) as leader countries, this study employs Dumitrescu-Hurlin Granger non-causality tests.

This study finds that education-follower countries' achievements do not directly impact foreign earnings from their leading export sectors. However, findings also confirm that leader countries have a bidirectional causal relationship between tertiary education and earnings from high technology exports.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study urging research-intensive education with comparative advantages in international trade. Using educational attainment on export earnings from the leading sector, findings support dependency theory in education is still existed.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the total factor productivity (TFP) gap between the USA and eight Latin American countries for the period of 1970-2000.

The paper provides an explicit application of TFP estimation by employing a growth accounting approach (Solow Residual) in the presence of non-constant returns to scale and a non-parametric approach (DEA – Malmquist Index) while relaxing the scale-related constraint. A macro-based economic model of innovator and follower countries is employed to explore the linkage between technology gaps and innovations, labor productivity, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and adult workforce illiteracy rates. A pooled model and a fixed effects model are used to determine the factors of the technology gap between the innovator and the follower countries.

The results show that the labor productivity gap, adult work force illiteracy rates, patent filing gap, and trade openness are significant determinants of the technology gap between innovator and follower country.

Latin American countries would benefit from the technology diffusion from an innovator country; but a minimum threshold of human capital, such as adult workforce illiteracy rates and patent filing has to be met. The authors find government policies on trade openness also have large effects on technology limitations in foreign countries.

This paper is of value to researchers, policy makers, and economic development specialists trying to improve the rate of technology adoption and innovation.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Japan flying geese (FG) model and its implications for China.

Data on exports and imports three‐digit the standard international trade clasification (SITC) Revision 2 from UN‐COMTRADE are employed. An analytical tool namely “products mapping” is made by combining two fundamental variables derived from the FG model. Revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) index and trade balance index are applied.

The paper provides evidence of the existence of FG pattern. Unskilled labor‐intensive industries and human capital‐intensive industries have clearly shown the FG pattern in East Asia. China has very high comparative advantage in those industries.

The classification of industries is a crucial issue. This paper applies the broader classification of industries based on factor intensity rather than end use. Further researches on more specific industries might give detailed explanation.

The paper examines the position of East Asian countries in the FG model.

This study aims to analyse the relationship between health human capital and economic growth for a maximum sample of 92 countries over the period 1980-2010 taking into account countries’ heterogeneity by assessing how health variables affect different countries according to their position on the conditional growth distribution.

The paper estimates a growth regression applying the methodology proposed by Canay (2011) for regression by quantiles (Koenker, 1978, 2004, 2012a, 2012b) in a panel framework. Quantile regression analysis allows us to identify the growth determinants that present a non-linear relationship with growth and determine the policy implications specifically for underperforming versus over achieving countries in terms of output growth.

The authors’ findings indicate that better health is positively and robustly related to growth at all quantiles, but the quantitative importance of the respective coefficients differs across quantiles, in some cases, with the sign of the relationship greater for countries that recorded lower growth rates. These results apply to both positive (life expectancy) and negative (infant mortality rate, undernourishment) health status indicators.

Given the predominantly public nature of health funding, cuts in health expenditure should be carefully balanced even in times of public finances sustainability problems, particularly when growth slowdowns, as a decrease in the stock of health human capital could be particularly harmful for growth in under achievers. Additionally, the most effective interventions seem to be those affecting early childhood development that should receive from policymakers the necessary attention and resources.

This study contributes to the existing literature by answering the question of whether the growth effects of health human capital can differ in sign and/or magnitude depending on a country’s growth performance. The findings may help policymakers to design the most adequate growth promoting policies according to the behaviour of output growth.

An experimental design is used to examine the effect of products’ country‐of‐origin on first‐mover advantage. Specifically, focuses on the effects of favorable/unfavorable country‐of‐origin on first‐mover advantage, as well as its effects with regard to “early followers” and “late followers”. The results have direct implications for products entering international markets as a first mover, “early” follower, or “late” follower. Results indicate that with increasing number of competitors entering an international market, a product’s favorable country image begins to lose its strategic importance. Consequently, the pursuit of first‐mover advantage may be more relevant than a positive country‐of‐origin effect. Also, the results suggest that for products from countries with a less than favorable image, it may be more useful to be a “follower” than a “first‐mover” because the advantage of being first in a market can be negated by the unfavorable country‐of‐origin effect.

The aim of this paper is to present green information technology (GIT) initiatives of leading countries and to suggest strategies for environmental sustainability for the follower countries.

A comprehensive review of greening of IT and greening by IT programs for sustainable growth in leading countries, the growing GIT market, and possible GIT strategies for the follower countries is provided.

Green IT initiatives and practices in leading countries mirror each country's IT infrastructure and governmental efforts for green growth society. Some of the best practices of these countries should be benchmarked by the follower countries that have recently experienced dramatic increases in energy consumption and CO2 emission.

Each country has its own unique political, social, and economic conditions. Thus, a universal set of GIT initiatives is not suggested in this study.

GIT should be a critical national strategy for any country. The findings of this study provide guidance to government and corporate leaders, especially for the developing countries, on how to develop effective GIT programs for sustainable green society.

This study presents a comprehensive discussion of GIT initiatives and practices of leading countries and the exploding GIT market around the world. It also provides new insights for GIT for the follower countries.

This paper aims to examine implicit leadership theory (ILT) among Malaysian managers and the impact of the gap between the ILT and actual leader behavior on leader‐member exchange (LMX) quality.

A survey of 137 Malaysian managers working under the supervision of Malaysian and Japanese superiors in five Japanese multi‐national corporations (MNCs) in Malaysia was conducted to test the hypotheses of this study.

The results reveal that there is a distinct Malaysian ILT. It also found that there are differences in the ILT of different ethnic groups in Malaysia. Contrary to expectations, there is no significant difference in the leadership expectation gap among managers reporting to superiors from the same background compared to superiors from a different nationality and ethnic background. Duration of managers' relationship with their superior have a moderating effect on the relationship between leadership expectation gap and LMX quality.

The findings of this study can serve practitioners in organizational and leadership development by contributing to the awareness that ILT affects the quality of a leader's exchange within his or her followers.

This paper contributes to the literature by providing a first insight on ILT in the Malaysian context, particularly on the variation across the main ethnic groups in the country.

Through examining the development of the video compact disc player industry in China, this article aims to explore the main characteristics of world‐first innovation and identify four success factors for innovation followers to launch world‐first products in catching‐up countries.

This article takes the form of a case study

The main characteristics of world‐first innovation in catching‐up countries include: from the demand side, innovation is mainly pulled by the local market, rather than technology‐push; from the supply side, innovation cannot isolate itself from the rest of the world – suppliers of key technologies in advanced countries play an important role; inter‐firm alliances are an increasingly important way to generate world‐first innovation; and downstream integration capabilities are required for followers to mix pieces of technologies together at competitive pricing. The success of followers from catching‐up countries to launch world‐first products hinges on the four critical factors: strengths of complementary assets; figuring out ways to meet local market demand without relying on large R&D spending; emphasizing untapped innovation opportunities by multinationals; and positioning themselves on the proper points of the globally coordinated network for innovation.

This article identifies the main characteristics of world‐first innovation and points out four success factors for innovation followers to launch world‐first products, which could be significant to managers in catching‐up countries. Findings of this paper are more relevant to large catching‐up countries such as India, Brazil, Mexico and Indonesia where a large domestic market could serve as important launch markets for the world‐first innovation.

This paper aims to examine the moderating role of cultural similarity between leaders and followers on leadership training effectiveness in terms of followers' fairness perception and organizational citizenship behavior.

A quasi‐experiment was conducted with 40 managers from international corporations as the subjects. The 40 subjects were equally assigned to a treatment group and a control group. In each group, half share similar backgrounds with the followers while the other half do not. Leadership training was offered to managers in the treatment group, but not to those in the control group.

Results show that leadership training has positive effects on followers' fairness perception and organizational citizenship behavior, and the effects are stronger for those leaders who are similar to their followers in cultural background.

The study further supports that followers' fairness perception and organizational citizenship behavior will be enhanced if their leaders receive proper leadership training, and it is the first to demonstrate that cultural similarity between leaders and followers plays an important role in influencing leadership training effectiveness.

The training program described in this study is straightforward, inexpensive, easy to implement, and can be used by organizations with a diverse workforce to improve their training effectiveness and facilitate their leaders' managerial efforts.

This is the first paper to examine how cultural similarity between leaders and followers influences leadership training effectiveness.

The study compares the impact of four components of transformational leadership (TL), namely, idealized influence (II), inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation (IS), and individualized consideration (IC) on employee creativity (EC) at the workplace between Turkey and Algeria, taking into account the mediating effect of employee's creative role identity (CRI).

Data were collected from 688 managers working for conglomerate companies in both countries and the analysis was performed using a two-stage structural equation modeling (SEM) for model and hypothesis testing.

The findings highlighted that managers from both countries have divergent stances toward TL’s impact on EC; Algerian managers recognized the impact relationship between CRI and EC. Meanwhile, Turkish managers believed in the efficiency of every component independently.

When generalizing the research results, a debate might arise in regards to both the data collection instrument and the data being collected from two companies only. Therefore, upcoming research might opt for using further data collection methods and expand the data collection sources to cover larger targets.

The study's findings help in assisting managers and decision-makers in both countries into strategically adjusting their managerial approaches accordingly and appropriately stimulating EC at the workplace.

The findings provided insights into elevating and strengthening a mere formal leader–member relationship to a personally satisfying and mutually beneficial social bond.

Throughout literature, the light was shed on the fundamental, yet, infrequently discussed link between TL components and employee CRI. The comparative nature and findings of our study could be considered building blocks for further academic research about leadership in both countries.