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The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the similarities in the foreign trade patterns of China and the other BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) members.

Three panel data estimations, namely, fixed effect, random effect and fully modified ordinary least squares, have been conducted in this paper based on the gravitational model of international trade for bilateral trade of each BRICS member with five United Nations (UN) regional groups from 2001 to 2015.

The results revealed that Russia has a dissimilar trade pattern, based on the Heckscher–Ohlin (H-O) framework, with these five regional groups, while the other BRICS members follow the Linder hypothesis. Furthermore, it was found that China has a faster pace of globalization, while the rest of the BRICS members have experienced regionalization rather than globalization. In addition, geographical distance, as a proxy for transportation cost, has a weaker negative effect on the trade patterns of China and India, which makes the trade patterns of BRICS members dissimilar.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to examine and compare the BRICS member countries’ foreign trade pattern through a gravity trade approach.

One of the major negative effects of the Coronavirus outbreak worldwide has been reduced investment in green energy projects and energy efficiency. The main purpose of this paper is to study the role of green bond proposed by the World Bank in 2008, as a reliable instrument to enhance the capital flow in energy efficiency financing and to develop green energy resources during and post the current challenging global time.

We model energy efficiency for 37 members of OECD through a panel data framework and quarterly data over 2007Q1–2020Q4.

The major results reveal the positive impacts of issued green bonds and regulatory quality index on energy efficiency, while any increase in inflation rate and urbanization decelerates the progress of raising energy efficiency.

As highlighted concluding remarks and policy implications, it can be expressed that the tool of green bond is a potential policy to drive-up energy efficiency financing and enhancing environmental quality during and post-COVID period. It is recommended to follow green bond policy with an efficient regulation framework and urbanization saving energy planning.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, although a few scholars have investigated the impacts of COVID-19 on green financing or examined the energy efficiency financing, the matter of modeling energy efficiency–green bond relationship has not been addressed by any academic study. The contributions of this paper to the existing literature are: (1) it is the first academic study to discover the relationship between energy efficiency and green bond in OECD countries, (2) since our empirical part provides estimation results based on quarterly data covering the year of 2019 and 2020, it may offer some new policy implications to enhance energy efficiency financing in and post-COVID period, (3) furthermore, we consider energy efficiency indicator (mix of industrial, residential, services and transport energy efficiency) as the dependent variable instead of using the simple energy intensity variable as a proxy for energy efficiency.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the sustainable inward FDI pattern of Vietnam.

This paper intends to analyze the sustainable FDI pattern of Vietnam using the gravity theory and panel data approach for the annual data over the period of 2007–2020.

Vietnamese FDI volume is positively affected by political and social factors, globalization and green energy consumption, while geographical distance is a major obstacle to the increase of FDI inflows of the country.

As the main practical policy implications, issuing policies for sustainable economic growth, launching the novel strategy of green FDI neighborhood policy and regionalism through free trade agreements are recommended.

To the best of author's knowledge, there has not been any in-depth academic study focusing on the Vietnam's sustainable FDI. In addition, three robustness checks have been conducted to ensure the validation of empirical findings.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze specifications of the China’s foreign trade policy with Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) member countries.

The paper conducts three panel data estimations (fixed effect [FE], random effect [RE] and fully modified ordinary least squares [FMOLS]) based on the gravity model approach for bilateral trade patterns in natural resource and non-natural resource commodities between China and 13 OPEC members over the period of 1998-2014.

The findings reveal that the gravity equation fits the data reasonably well. The existence of long-term relationships between the bilateral trade flows and the main components of gravity model – GDP, income (GDP per capita), the difference in income, exchange rate, the openness level, distance and WTO membership – through the FE, RE and the FMOLS approaches was confirmed. The estimation results show that the trade pattern between China and OPEC member countries relies on the Heckscher–Ohlin theory, thus being explained by difference in factor endowments such as energy resources and technology.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to examine the China’s foreign trade policy with the OPEC member countries through a gravity trade approach.

The purpose of this paper is to find out whether under sanctions, Iran’s trade direction has shifted from Europe (trade policy of de-Europeanization) toward Asia (trade policy of Asianization).

The paper conducts three panel data estimations (FE, RE, and FMOLS) based on the gravity model approach for bilateral trade patterns between Iran-25 EU members and Iran-25 Asian countries over the period 2006-2013.

The empirical evidence indicates a significant negative effect of sanctions on Iran-EU bilateral trade, while it has a positive impact on trade between Iran and the Asian countries. These findings empirically confirmed that the imposition of various sanctions related to the Iran’s nuclear program has pushed the foreign trade policy of this country toward Asianization and away from Europeanization.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first attempt to examine the Iran’s trade policy changing under the imposition of sanctions related to its nuclear program.

This study aims to unveil the variables that drive Indonesia’s seafood exports to organization of Islamic cooperation (OIC) countries, including a deeper analysis to understand the factors that affect Indonesia’s potential for halal seafood exports, and attempts to validate Linder’s hypothesis, which might occur as part of the determinants of Indonesia’s seafood exports, as well as one of the variables that can affect Indonesia’s potency of halal seafood exports based on economic scale similarities and relative factor endowments.

Using Poisson regression by pseudo maximum likelihood, this study applies the theory of trade gravity and Linder’s hypothesis of Indonesia’s seafood exports to OIC countries and its halal market potency over the 30 years observation period from 1992 to 2021, with 47 countries importing Indonesia’s seafood products during the observation period based on United Nations Comtrade statistics.

The variables that drive Indonesia’s seafood exports are the situation of the economy between Indonesia and its trading partners, the population of importing countries and the common understanding of language. On the other hand, the adjusted-Muslim GDP of importing countries, the adjusted-Muslim GDP of Indonesia and the number of Muslim inhabitants of importer countries are the factors that affect Indonesia’s potential for halal seafood exports. The study also validates the presence of Linder’s hypothesis in Indonesia’s seafood export and could hint Indonesia’s potential for halal seafood exports

Owing to the absence of an Harmonized System code that explicitly accommodates trade in halal commodities, especially in halal seafood exports, it will be more accurate if data are available in the future as material for further studies. Future studies may also consider per capita consumption of seafood, food safety standards and the level of food security from OIC countries as variables that might also influence Indonesia’s seafood exports in an approach analysis using the gravity theory of trade.

This study is part of the authors’ efforts to encourage a greater contribution of the fisheries sector to Indonesia’s GDP by identifying the factors that drive seafood exports, which have so far only been around 2%–3% and have never reached more than 4% in the past two decades. While Indonesia is blessed with extraordinary marine biodiversity and hopes of being the leader of the halal food industry, the fisheries sector is expected to contribute.

Unlike previous studies that used the approach of the gravity model of trade on food exports, this study is specifically in the field of seafood exports, takes Indonesia as the main object of research and also examines Linder’s hypothesis as part of the analysis to identify what drives Indonesia’s seafood exports in the OIC countries market and fill the scant of studies highlighting the factors that could drive halal food exports, specifically in seafood.