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Clause 3 [The Engineer] contains the speci?c provisions for the Engineer, including the general requirements for the Engineer and their representative(s) and assistants, the replacement of the Engineer, the duties and authority of the Engineer and - importantly - the Engineer's role when managing the project, e.g. through instructions. In the 2017 edition, the Engineer's role as a ?rst venue for resolution of differences or disagreements between the Contractor and the Employer has been vastly expanded and the Sub-Clause covering this issue now runs to more than three pages rather than the two short paragraphs in the 1999 edition.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the profile of the Andalusian population in relation to the motivations that support family care for older people, considering multiple sociodemographic and classificatory variables, such as sex, age groups (18–29; 30–44; 45–59; 60 or older), caregiving experience, as well as their general opinions regarding care and decision-making related to it.

A quantitative study is presented to know the opinion of the Andalusian population regarding the motivations that support the family care of older people. The sample comprised 774 participants (18 years or older).

The results show that the majority of the Andalusian population believes that the reason why families care for older people is that it is considered a moral obligation, regardless of the resources available to them. Thus, two population profiles have been found to explain these beliefs. The first profile is made up of current or former caregivers who are 60 years of age or older; and the second profile is made up of people who believe that the family should be primarily responsible for caregiving, who are or have been caregivers and who believe that in the future, the family trend in caregiving will not be modified.

The value of this research lies in the implications of “family care” and “resources and motivations to care” studies today.

Due to the rapid ageing of the continent's population, a significant surge in long-term care expenses for the elderly is expected across Europe in the coming years. Could a potential solution to this challenge involve the increased informal care provided by adult children? In this context, we examined a general view or moral duty of European citizens regarding whether adult children should assume responsibility for providing long-term care to the elderly.

Our multilevel analysis draws on individual-level data from the 2017 European Value Study and country-level data from various European sources encompassing participants from 21 member countries of the European Union.

The findings reveal that in nations where public long-term care services are sufficiently available and of superior quality, there is a negative sentiment towards the notion that adult children should bear the responsibility for elderly care. In total, 71% of the country-level variance in our dependent variable was explained by the availability and quality of formal long-term care in a country. Furthermore, various individual-level attributes contribute to shaping attitudes towards care-giving responsibility. We observed that women, middle-aged individuals, those without religious affiliations, those with modern gender role attitudes and non-immigrants tended to hold unfavourable attitudes towards the responsibility of adult children in long-term care provision.

There are relatively many studies on the general attitude of the population towards filial obligation. However, so far there have been very few studies available that examine the population's attitude towards the obligation of adult children to commit to their parents' long-term care. Our research explains the variation of the phenomenon in Europe with both country-level and individual-level factors.

In this article, we examine the historical and cultural foundations of Nordic states’ strong contemporary social indicators to understand whether their successes can be replicated in other contexts.

We draw on a range of academic literature to frame a comparison of two regions’ cultural and theological roots, identifying contrasts to make arguments about prescriptions for contemporary welfare policy.

We find Nordic history contributes to a duty-based culture with strong cohesion and social trust. These cultural norms make palatable welfare policies with strong activation measures, while the US model prefers to avoid the latter because of its strong cultural orientation to rights and autonomy.

To mitigate differences between the Nordic states and other cultural contexts, policymakers seeking to replicate Nordic welfare successes should consider welfare programming that combines stronger activation policies with oversight and relational components that mitigate gaps in social cohesion.

We uniquely bring together the literature on comparative welfare policy and on religion and culture to understand the precursors of contemporary attitudes and their implications for welfare policy prescriptions.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of ethical obligation and environmental concern in young consumers’ green purchase behaviour using Ajzen’s (1991) theory of planned behaviour as underpinning theoretical model.

Data collected from 253 college students of a major higher education institution in Northern India were analysed by using structural equation modelling and moderated mediation analysis in AMOS 22.0 and SPSS 20.0.

Investigating why environmental concern does not significantly translate into green purchase intention, the study demonstrates that the effect of environmental concern was mediated through attitude and ethical obligation. In addition, the study also found that the effect of environmental concern on attitude was positively moderated by ethical obligation. Moreover, subjective norms were found to exhibit no direct effect on green purchase intention; rather, this effect was indirect and mediated through attitude and perceived behavioural control. The results of moderated mediation analysis further demonstrated that the indirect effect of subjective norms on green purchase intention through attitude was found conditional on the values of perceived behavioural control.

The study offers a valuable contribution by signifying the moderating role of ethical obligation in green purchase behaviour. It also contributes to the existing knowledge by assessing the conditional indirect effect of subjective norms on green purchase intention which is rarely examined in the literature.

Clause 19 [Insurance] provides the requirements for insurance of the Works, Goods, liability for breach of professional duty, injuries to persons (including employees) and damage to property, as well as insurance required by Laws etc. Drafting a cohesive insurance strategy providing adequate cover for all relevant risks is a job for insurance specialists. If not drawn up by specialists, relevant risks might not be adequately covered or the global cost of providing insurance might increase (e.g. because some risks are insured by the Employer as well as the Contractor). Drawing up an insurance strategy may provide the best cover at the lowest cost but only if the work is done by suitably quali?ed specialists.

This paper aims to discuss the positioning of international organisations (IOs) in the realm of international law. It proposes a more robust approach, arguing IOs have legal obligations akin to states to the extent which could be fulfilled by them. This paper suggests making IOs parties to international treaties like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and Geneva Convention 1949 to codify their international responsibilities. In addition, it proposes amending multilateral treaties to grant IOs membership and create binding legal obligations for them, thereby enhancing the overall legal framework for IOs.

The paper opted for qualitative analytical approach of research by referring to international treaties and scholarly papers.

The authors have evaluated the bindingness of international law on IOs. The authors argue that jus cogens and customary international law are equally binding on IOs. However, treaties could only be binding on IOs to the extent of their consent. The authors have assessed prior violations of IOs. The authors argue that, to prevent such violations by IOs, creating obligations is the first step. Second, amendments are required in the existing international treaties that reflect the foundations of international humanitarian and international human rights law like the Geneva Convention 1949, ICCPR, and ICESCR, to permit IOs to join these treaties, resulting in binding international legal obligations.

The most prominent assertion of this paper is that IOs as subjects of international law are bound by the principles of international law, including treaty law with consent, customary international laws, general principles of law and peremptory norms. To fulfil these obligations, a regime needs to be introduced wherein amendment is made in treaties to make IOs parties to them and structuring the law on responsibility for IOs. Considering the multifaceted nature of IO, the role it performs in contemporary times requires them to be bound by rules of international law just like states. There is a need to settle their position in global governance and give them more teeth to understand and fulfil their duties to ensure smooth functioning in the long run.

The paper fulfils an identified gap in the positioning of IOs under the international law.

This Clause has been renamed from the 1999 edition, where it was called ‘Force Majeure’. This is in line with the changes made in 2008 when FIDIC introduced the FIDIC Gold Book (Conditions of Contract for Design, Build and Operate Projects or FIDIC DBO); here the corresponding Clause was titled ‘Exceptional Risks’ rather than ‘Force Majeure’ because force majeure is a legal standard with different meaning from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. What constitutes force majeure in the Contractor’s country may not be force majeure in the country of the Employer or the Site; using legal standards with differing meanings may lead to uncertainty between the Parties as to the proper interpretation of the Contract. Using a truly generic term is very recommendable and the term ‘Exceptional Events’ indicates what this Clause is about without relying on any general legal standards. In general, where the performance of one of the Parties is prevented by an Exceptional Event, this Party shall give Notice to the other Party (Sub-Clause 18.2 [Notice of an Exceptional Event]). The Parties are under a mutual obligation to mitigate and minimise the delay caused by an Exceptional Event (Sub-Clause 18.3 [Duty to Minimise Delay]). The Contractor may claim an Extension of Time for Completion if delayed by an Exceptional Event and - in some scenarios - compensation if they incur Cost (Sub-Clause 18.4 [Consequences of an Exceptional Event]); if the execution of the Works is prevented for a continuous period of more than 84 days (or more than 140 days combined), either Party may terminate the Contract. Consequently, the majority of the risks associated with Exceptional Events are the responsibility of the Employer as the Employer carries the main burden of the consequences if an Exceptional Event does occur.

Clause 1 [General Provisions] contains the provisions that in many contracts are bundled together under the ‘miscellaneous’ or ‘other provisions’ heading and includes a list of definitions, some interpretation principles, rules on communication between the Parties, documents forming the Contract, assignment, confidentiality etc. But Clause 1 also contains other provisions, like the Employer's right to use documentation and other deliverables provided by the Contractor (in other contracts usually referred to as a license to use), and a substantive Sub-Clause on limitation of liability.

Given the current challenges for improving the tribological behavior in automotive engines, which require lubricants that adapt to different operating conditions through replacement mechanisms to reduce friction and wear, this study aims to analyze the use of hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles blended in the lubricating oil of a diesel engine. The target was to minimize frictional power losses and wear of cylinder liner surfaces to validate what was observed in laboratory and to confirm improvements in thermal efficiency.

Before the definition of the concentration to be used in a real engine environment, tests of sample dispersion were conducted using an ultrasound bath. The mixtures were added to storage bottles in concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5%, as observed in Figure 1. The samples were subsequently analyzed using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. There was a reduction in the hydrodynamic size for the sample with 0.5% of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), possibly due to sedimentation of the powder during the analysis, which supported this work to continue with the use of 0.1% concentration.

The behavior of hBN as nano additive in a real diesel engine was problematic when compared with laboratory environment, leading to impact in oil temperature. In addition, it was noticed a high amount of deposit formation at the top dead center (TDC) and mid-stroke (MC) and nonsignificative wear at MC and bottom dead center (BDC) of the cylinder, with unusual formation of products from antiwear additives known as zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphate at MC position with the use of hBN. For this reason, this work provides insights into how hBN nanoparticles may not contribute toward the improvement of tribological performance.

The findings of this work aimed to provide a better understanding of the impact of hBN nanoparticles used as additives in real engine environment in terms of performance and tribological impacts. The results of this work indicated that hBN as additive gave poor results in terms of performance and wear prevention.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-02-2024-0047/