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The purpose of this paper is to build a research model to examine the effects of business planning on the new venture emergence, as well as to examine the moderating effects of innovativeness of products.

Four hypotheses are put forward and examined by hierarchical binary logistic regression. The data of this paper are based on the first two waves of data from Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics project.

Results show that engaging in business planning has a positive effect on the new venture emergence, and the timing of business planning does not affect the new venture emergence significantly. This study also finds that the innovativeness of products has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between the timing of business planning and the new venture emergence.

This study has some limitations. The innovativeness of products is measured by a single indicator, which may not completely reflect the meaning of the attribute. Moreover, this study explores new ventures only in the nascent stage.

The study is useful for entrepreneurs to realize the importance of business planning. First, engaging in business planning in early start-up stage is a very valuable activity, because business planning can help new ventures reduce the loss caused by trial and error learning. Second, engaging in business planning is more likely to ensure high innovative products quickly be accepted by the market. Because in the process of new venture emergence, the legitimacy signal to stakeholders can be transmitted and new products can be promoted to get support and recognition from stakeholder through the business plan.

This paper focuses on the early stage of new venture life cycle and the contextual factors to explore the influence of business planning on the new venture emergence under the logic of legitimacy. This paper could enrich business planning research from the perspective of legitimacy theory by inspiring scholars to focus on the differences between new ventures and mature enterprises and to offer proposals of legitimation strategies suitable for new ventures. Meanwhile, this study contributes to the understanding of the contextual factors of business planning. And it discusses the impact of the attribute in business planning on the new venture emergence, which helps scholars to get a deep thought about the value of business planning in entrepreneurial process.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the model that explains the new venture emergence in China by examining the effects of experience and innovativeness of entrepreneurial opportunities on the new venture emergence, as well as the moderating effect of munificence.

Based on the dynamic data from the Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (CPSED) where nascent entrepreneurs were randomly sampled and were followed for three years, this paper uses the COX proportional hazard model to answer the research questions.

Those who have successful entrepreneurial experience are able to more rapidly create new ventures, whereas the relevant industry experience and innovativeness of entrepreneurial opportunities have a negative effect on the new venture emergence. Moreover, munificence negatively moderates the effects of entrepreneurial experience and innovativeness of entrepreneurial opportunities on the new venture emergence.

This paper only measures whether entrepreneurs have relevant industry experience, and does not reflect on the different degrees of it. In addition, small time interval of dynamic follow-up survey may bias the results.

This paper revealed that not all kinds of experience promote the venture emergence, and a more innovative entrepreneurial opportunity is not always better. Entrepreneurs should accumulate experience and evaluate innovativeness of entrepreneurial opportunities rationally.

New venture emergence relies on the mutual influence of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial opportunities and entrepreneurial environment. However, most studies explored the new venture emergence from a single perspective which led to a plethora of conflicting conclusions. This paper attempts to examine the effects of experience and innovativeness of entrepreneurial opportunities on the venture emergence, as well as the moderate effect of munificence.

The purpose of this paper is to build a research model from the perspectives of entrepreneur and entrepreneurial opportunity examining the effects of entrepreneurial growth aspiration and the innovativeness of entrepreneurial opportunity and their interactive effect on the business planning in the new venture emergence.

Six hypotheses are put forward and examined by hierarchical multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression. The data of this paper are based on the first two rounds of survey data from Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics.

The empirical results show that entrepreneurial growth aspiration has significant positive effects on the business planning, namely, compared to the comfortable size entrepreneurs, the growth-oriented entrepreneurs are more likely to do the business planning in the new venture emergence. Different from prior discoveries, the innovativeness of opportunity has no effect on the business planning, but it positively influences the time of doing business planning, and entrepreneurial growth aspiration has a positive moderate effect on this relationship.

Entrepreneurial growth aspiration in this paper is divided into growth-oriented entrepreneur and comfortable size entrepreneur from the single perspective of scale. Future research should define growth aspiration as a continuous variable in light of several dimensionalities.

The findings are useful for entrepreneurs to make rational and effective decisions whether to do business planning and when to do on the basis of their growth aspiration and the innovativeness of opportunity. The growth-oriented entrepreneur should do the business planning in the new venture emergence. The higher innovative the opportunity is, the latter the entrepreneur had better do the business planning. Besides, it provides the theoretical foundation for entrepreneurship training courses about business planning offered by governments, educational institutions and social training institutions.

This paper absorbs growth aspiration into the analysis framework about business planning based on expectancy theory, making up for deficiencies that prior researches excessively focus on entrepreneurial experience and opportunity. Additionally, the study will inspire scholars to research the mechanism of action relative to business planning from the interactive relationship between entrepreneur and entrepreneurial opportunity.

From the perspective of cause and effect, the operational processes of property insurance companies can be considered as historical events. The purpose of this study is to measure the operating efficiency of China's property insurance industry, explore the determinants that affect technical efficiency and outline the path to achieving high-quality development.

We chose 44 Chinese property insurance companies as research objects. The data were obtained from the Chinese Insurance Yearbook and China Statistical Yearbook 2015–2017. First, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was used to calculate the technical efficiency of property insurance companies. Then, Tobit regression and quantile regression were adopted to explore the influencing factors of technical efficiency. Finally, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method was employed to summarize the path to improving the operating efficiency of property insurance companies.

The empirical results in the first stage suggested that the operation efficiency of China's property insurance industry was technically inefficient, and the scale efficiency was relatively better than the pure technical efficiency. In the second stage, we observed that the drivers for firm size, reinsurance rate, claim ratio and equity restriction were important determinants of an insurance firm's efficiency.

We also put forward four applicable, targeted and proven ways to improve the technical efficiency of property insurance companies. These configurations are verified by cases of existing property insurance companies, which can provide practical references for the insurance industry.

Our research enriches the insurance literature and efficiency methods, particularly regarding the specific paths of improving the technical efficiency. The relationship between elements and results is analyzed from a systematic perspective, and the research results are not only more consistent with what logic might imply but also more instructive for the improvement of reality.

Since the limited growth of enterprises has been identified as a deliberate choice of women entrepreneurs, the purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the institutional environment of an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) fosters the gender gap in entrepreneurial growth intention. The mediating role of the perceived institutional environment in the gender effect on entrepreneurial growth intention is tested in the Chinese context. As individuals’ cognitions are usually influenced by their cultural orientations, the gender difference in perceptions of the institutional environment is considered to be contingent on entrepreneurs’ self-construal.

Using a multiregional sample of 206 Chinese entrepreneurs who completed the questionnaire, the study obtained results by adopting a structural equation modelling analysis with a partial least squares approach.

There are significant gender gaps in perceptions of the institutional environment and growth intention among Chinese entrepreneurs. Due to their limited political ties and lower legitimacy in economic activities in the country, Chinese women entrepreneurs have more negative perceptions of the regulative and cognitive institutional environment than their male counterparts, which accounts for the lack of growth ambition among Chinese women entrepreneurs. Independent self-construal enlarges the difference in environmental perceptions between male and female entrepreneurs.

This research enriches the discussion in the emerging area of EEs by adequately responding to the highlighted target to advance ambitious entrepreneurship and offering an interpretation of its evolutionary thinking. Given the increasing calls for a focus on high-growth women’s entrepreneurship, this study provides an explanation for how the institutional environment engenders the absence of women in growth-oriented entrepreneurial activities. It also uncovers the overlooked deficiency in institutional practice by highlighting the gender inequality in the implementation process of entrepreneurial support policies and the distribution of entrepreneurial capabilities in society.

The purpose of this paper is to bridge the obvious gap presented in research on antecedents of effectuation by building a research model from the perspectives of effectuation and entrepreneurial opportunity.

This paper examines the effects of patterns of opportunity discovery and the innovativeness of entrepreneurial opportunity on the decision-making process of effectuation in new venture creation. Eight hypotheses are put forward and examined by hierarchical multiple logistic regression. The data in this paper are based on the first two rounds of survey data from Chinese Panel Study of Entrepreneurial dynamics.

The empirical results show that patterns of opportunity discovery have significant positive effects (at least partially) on effectuation. Namely, entrepreneurs employing fortuitous discovery tend to use available means and leverage contingency. And with lower innovativeness of opportunity, entrepreneurs are more likely to use affordable loss and leverage contingency.

The study is limited to each dimension of effectuation based on the single-item measure, which cannot completely reflect the effectual construct. More research should to be done to improve measures of effectuation.

The findings are useful for entrepreneurs to make effective decisions whether to choose effectuation in the face of different patterns of opportunity discovery. Besides, it provides the advice on how to cope with the innovativeness of opportunity and seize entrepreneurial opportunities to entrepreneurs.

This paper first systematically studies the effects of entrepreneurial opportunity on effectuation, making up for the obvious gap of research on antecedents of effectuation.

Dans son récent livre sur les étapes de la croissance économique, l'auteur américain W. W. Rostow, dans une vision presque apocalyptique, voit deux fauves qui barrent le chemin au bonheur suprême de l'humanité: la course aux armements d'une part et l'existence de pays sous‐développés d'autre part. Si notre génération n'arrive pas à supprimer ou à contourner ce double danger, son avenir donnera lieu, selon l'avis de l'éminent économiste américain, au plus grand pessimisme!

J'estime exceptionnellement fructueux le fait que les Chambres de Commerce et d'Industrie de la Méditerranée ASCAME, inséreront dans leur programme, lors de leur rencontre qui aura lieu en avril 1990 en Yougoslavie (Rijeka‐Opatija) même une relation sur le tourisme. La justification de ce traité sur le tourisme ressort de l'importance dont la Méditerranée jouit dans les mouvements mondiaux du tourisme, ce qui est exprimé par des indicateurs physiques et financiers. A nos jours, le tourisme représente un fait important entre les échanges internationaux, ce que confirme d'ailleurs la donnée de 190 milliards de dollars, le plaçant ainsi au sommet de l'échelle des mouvements internationaux. Le tourisme, trafic physique et par ce fait celui finanicer n'est pas proportionnellement divisé par domaines mondiaux, mais bien si il est concentré en des endroits déterminés lesquels par leur climat, caractéristiques naturelles, ou par leur patrimoine culturel, représentent une attraction déterminante pour les classes consommatrices du tourisme mondial.

C'est certainement un mérite de la part des experts d'avoir déduit de tels rapports «en moyenne historique», de la seule connaissance de données «locales», sans rien connaître des liens naturels existant entre plusieurs étapes individuelles, c'est‐à‐dire sans la connaissance — jusqu'ici pratiquement impossible à avoir — de séries statistiques opportunes, décrites par les nombres des étapes des touristes individuels et les effectifs correspondant à ces nombres, ainsi que de séries statistiques décrites par les nombres des journées indiquant les séjours totaux de ces touristes et les effectifs correspondants. Aujourd'hui pourtant il ne suffit plus, évidemment, d'étudier le tourisme en s'appuyant sur des valeurs moyennes ayant pour base la totalité des voyageurs, valeurs qui ont une signification représentative réduite; il faut le faire par groupes distincts de touristes du même type, groupes qui dans la multitude des touristes existent certainement sous des aspects divers.

Le thème de la recherche porte sur le trafic des voyages aériens à forfait émis par les Etats membres de la CEAC et en particulier par les douze plus importants. La période d'observation s'étend de 1964/65 à 1974/75. L'analyse intéresse à la fois les voyages aériens à forfait sur vols réguliers (ITX) et sur les vols affrétés (ITC).