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The purpose of this paper is to examine how the share of expenditure on foods with high sugar is influenced by purchasing behaviour and household characteristics in Turkey.

Food purchases of a large representative sample of Turkish households (n=10,682) were observed over a two-year time span. A linear mixed effects model is estimated to analyse the drivers of households’ share of expenditure on foods with high sugar in a longitudinal setting.

Lower shopping frequency, larger shopping baskets, more promotional purchasing and higher usage of modern retail formats lead to a higher share of expenditure on foods with high sugar. This share decreases with higher income and education. Households living in urban areas have lower expenditure on foods with high sugar. Households in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions show the highest share of expenditure on foods with high sugar across Turkey. Children within the household lead to a higher share of expenditure on foods with high sugar whereas this share decreases with increasing household size and being in later stages of life.

Analysing household panel data provides a more realistic perspective of longitudinal food purchasing behaviour compared to studies using cross-sectional designs. Furthermore, this large-scale study in Turkey provides valuable insights for health researchers and policymakers to improve public health due to being conducted in a newly industrialised country with high rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes, a fragmented retail environment and diverse geographical regions.

Marketing has changed rapidly over the last four decades. Not a core discipline itself, its applications have become more complicated, more dynamic and more customised than ever before. Achieving differentiation in product is as difficult as reaching an aurora. Instead, marketers use communication tools to draw attention and increase awareness. But in the era of artificial intelligence, number of communication channels, competitors and lack of patience to read or listen to branded messages are not helping to reach targets. To keep the brands’ images clear and memorable, marketers need to create powerful content to deliver through any touchpoints. And that means INTEGRATION: ‘coordinating the company’s many communication channels to deliver a clear, consistent and compelling message about the organisation and its products’.

The dynamics of marketing communication mix can vary in different geographies. Being a developing country makes Turkey a fast mover but unstable. Although coping with these dynamics is not easy, it could be learnt. This chapter aims to help the reader find some useful information about Integrated Marketing Communication applications in the Turkish market.

The study investigates the internet‐based electronic commerce (EC) adoption profile of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey as well as the factors affecting their willingness to adopt EC usage.

EC adoption is measured by a composite index of the usage frequency of 14 EC application tools. The study draws on the data obtained from a sample of 237 manufacturing SMEs with internet connection.

In was discovered that EC adoption was significantly influenced by its perceived benefits. However, the perceived limitations of EC applications were found to have no statistically significant effect on EC adoption. The analysis also showed that company and industry‐specific factors, with the exception of amount of resources allocated for export development, did not appear to have any significant impact on EC adoption.

More efforts have to be made to remove or at least mitigate the impediments to a SME's willingness to adopt EC. The results of this study show that the lack of legal regulations is cited as one of the most serious limitations of EC and hence EC is rarely used for payment purposes. One of the most vivid implications of internet‐based EC for SMEs is the potential for external communication and information gathering for market and product research.

This study is significant for two reasons. First, it presents new data and insights into the internet‐based EC adoption of SMEs. Second, this study focuses on a relatively unexplored research area in an emerging market – Turkish SMEs.

While pursuing energy management, firms simultaneously strive to boost sales as a path towards economic performance. Also, the literature suggests that family firms exhibit greater environmental commitment than their non-family counterparts. To examine these contentions, this review espouses contingency theory to interrogate the correlations of (1) energy consumption targets, (2) energy efficiency enhancing measures, (3) energy consumption monitoring and (4) the domestic sales performance of small family firms in Turkey's food sector.

Data were sourced from the World Bank Enterprise Survey. A sample of 137 family firms in food production, processing and retail was analysed using non-linear structural equation modelling. Path coefficients were determined to estimate the extent to which energy management practices predict domestic sales.

The path analysis revealed that although energy consumption targets do not directly increase sales performance, they stimulate firms' energy efficiency enhancement measures and energy consumption monitoring to produce this effect by 21%.

The contingency lens espoused leaves room to capture further antecedents in small family food firms' technical, managerial, ownership, operational and architectural configuration that may also interact with or predict the propensity for energy management.

For practitioners, the inherent findings demonstrate that there are firm-specific material benefits arising from adopting energy management practices. And, although small firms such as family food businesses may have low energy intensities, they can improve their sales performance by setting energy targets, installing energy efficiency enhancing measures and embarking on energy consumption monitoring.

Public stakeholders in Turkey such as the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, the General Directorate of Energy Affairs and affiliate institutions can reflect on these findings to develop a coherent national energy management policy for small firms. Such initiatives are especially relevant to Turkey and its ambitions to join the EU which requires member states to set up a national energy efficiency action plan.

This inquiry is one of the first to examine energy management in the food sector at the family firm level through the contingency lens. Theoretically, the results draw attention and shed new light on disparate energy management practices and their discrete yet substantial contribution to sales performance.

This paper investigates the nature and extent of Internet use and the role of firm‐ and industry‐specific factors affecting Internet adoption by SMEs in an emerging market economy, Turkey. Based on the evidence from a sample of 237 manufacturing SMEs with Internet access in Turkey, the highest ranked Internet applications with the largest frequency of usage were found to be principally concerned with external communication and gathering information for market and product research. Of the five relevant firm‐ and industry‐specific subgroups, the most significant differences were found for two of the characteristics: amount of resources allocated for export development and international experience of the SME. In general, the SMEs have positive attitudes regarding Internet use. The SMEs are of the opinion that the Internet will become more attractive in future in terms of enhancing company image and being an important tool of doing business electronically.

Improving Turkey's low level of education quality and achieving equity in quality education across its seven regions continue to be a monumental challenge. The purpose of this study was to document the extent of Turkey's regional differences in science achievement at the eighth grade and to investigate factors associated with these differences. Identifying the factors influencing Turkey's regional inequalities in student learning is crucial for establishing policies that will help raise the educational performance at the national level as well as close regional gaps. A series of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses were performed at two levels (the school/class level and student level) using Turkey's nationally representative data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2007. Findings suggested that attempts to increase Turkish students' achievement and close the achievement gaps between regions should target the students in the undeveloped regions, particularly in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. Designing interventions to improve competency in Turkish and to compensate for the shortcomings of insufficient parental education, limited home educational resources, poor school climate for academic achievement, and inadequate instructional equipment and facilities might be expected to close the regional achievement gaps as well as raise the overall achievement level in Turkey. Using TIMSS data, this study provided an example of a methodology that may be employed to describe how student achievement is distributed among various subpopulations of national interest and to investigate the factors that contribute to differences in the achievement distribution.

This study aims to evaluate the current situation of the interlibrary loan in Türkiye using interlibrary loan tracking system raw data (2008–2019). Data was analyzed geographically to reveal the effect of geographical distance on the collaboration and thematically to identify the prominent areas/topics in the requests. In addition, the requests were evaluated in terms of the type and age of the university, the size of the collection and the number of library users.

The effect of geographical distance on the collaboration was revealed using VOSviewer. The place numbers and titles of the requests were used for thematic analysis, which was performed using Flourish and VOSviewer. Statistical tests were conducted with SPSS to investigate the effects of factors such as university age and type.

Geographic analysis revealed that the prominent regions are Marmara, Central Anatolia and Aegean Regions, respectively. The fact that these regions host Türkiye’s largest cities with the highest number of universities has been effective in achieving this result. The results of the thematic analysis are in accordance with the literature. Almost half of the requests are from Social Sciences, Language and Literature, History and Law. While the effects of collection size and the number of library users have relatively insignificant effects on requests, age and university type were found to be more relevant.

Interlibrary loan data of this size has not been the subject of an evaluation before in Türkiye. Hence, the results obtained have the potential to influence relevant policies and decisions on the subject. On the other hand, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, bibliographic mapping was used for the first time on interlibrary loan data.

This chapter focuses on the Turkish businesses’ and individuals’ perspectives on sustainability and environment and provides a socio-cultural analysis regarding the problems underlying in the implementation of sustainability and environmental practices in an emerging economy.

Current sustainability and environment studies literature regarding the Turkish businesses and society are examined. Socio-cultural perspective is used to explain the problems in the field.

Turkish culture is traditionally associated with harmony with the nature and many studies point to its environmental awareness. But the lack of future orientation, paternalist way of management, and survival concerns of the individuals and businesses cause a certain lack of environmental initiative. Turkish culture has a unique pluralistic approach to nature, and in this approach mastery, harmony, and subjugation are combined.

The suggested pluralistic approach should be considered by the relevant stakeholders to understand the dynamics of business and environment relations in Turkey. This unique structure calls for unique environmental solutions.

Present studies of Turkey in terms of sustainability and environmental issues are generally lacking socio-cultural perspectives. This study aims to fill this gap by suggesting an alternative pluralistic approach based on a socio-cultural evaluation of Turkish culture.

Agricultural sector not only meets the nutritional requirements of all living creatures but also generates the primary source of the raw material provided by various branches of industry to fulfill their functions. It is of great importance to increase studies on oilseeds which have an important role in Turkey's agricultural products. They are grown in almost all of the country, which are vital for the nutrition and many sectors. The main purpose of the study is to offer an integrated approach to determine potential warehouse locations for oilseeds.

This is the first study that integrates Delphi, analytical hierarchical process (AHP), technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), P-Median and Panel data analysis in a real case. This integrated approach consists of the following steps, respectively: (1) The criteria were determined by the Delphi method. (2) The weights of the criteria were calculated by AHP and the provinces with the highest oilseed warehouse potential in seven regions of Turkey were specified by TOPSIS. (3) Oilseed warehouse numbers and locations were obtained by P-Median. (4) In order to answer whether the distribution network is profitable in the future with the determined center locations, a forecast model based on panel data analysis was created. (5) Regional representatives were determined for 2030, and the distribution network was analyzed again. (6) The costs that arose in 2018 and 2030 were computed and compared by cost analysis. (7) The effect of the change in criteria weights on the alternative results was tested by scenario analysis.

The findings indicated that oilseed crop production potential and oilseed crop production area turned out to be the most important criteria. Furthermore, the results showed that this model is robust and suitable for warehouse location selection studies.

The study can serve as a guide for local and central policy makers with both the criteria it uses and the model it develops.

The main contribution of this study is that the integrated approach has been used for the first time in location selection in a real case.