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Driving for work has been identified as potentially one of the riskiest activities performed by workers within the course of their working day. Jurisdictions around the world have passed legislation and adopted policy and procedures to improve the safety of workers. However, particularly within the work driving setting, complying with legislation and the minimum safety standards and procedures is not sufficient to improve work driving safety. This chapter outlines the manner in which safety citizenship behavior can offer further improvement to work-related driving safety by acting as a complementary paradigm to improve risk management and current models and applications of safety culture.

Research on concepts associated with risk management and theoretical frameworks associated with safety culture and safety citizenship behavior are reviewed, along with their practical application within the work driving safety setting. A model incorporating safety citizenship behavior as a complementary paradigm to safety culture is proposed. It is suggested that this model provides a theoretical framework to inform future research directions aimed at improving safety within the work driving setting.

Purpose – Driver education and licensing are two mechanisms used to reduce crash rates. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of these countermeasures and consider how simulators can be used to augment more traditional approaches.

Approach – A literature review was undertaken evaluating key concepts in driver licensing including graduated driver licensing (GDL), the role of parents in licensing, compliance and enforcement, driver testing and how the driver licensing system impacts on levels of unlicensed driving. Literature regarding driver education for individuals who have and not yet obtained a licence was also reviewed.

Findings – GDL is a successful countermeasure for reducing the crash rates of young novice drivers as it limits their exposure to higher risk situations. The support for driver education initiatives is mixed. As there are big differences between education programs, there is a need to consider each program on its own merits. Driving simulators provide a safe environment for novices to gain experience. In particular, they may be bifacial for development of hazard perception and visual scanning skills.

Practical Implications – GDL systems should be introduced where appropriate. Existing systems should be strengthened where possible by including additional, best-practice and restrictions. When considering driver education as a countermeasure, the type of program is very important. Education programs that have been shown to increase crashes should not be introduced. Further research and development are necessary to ensure that driver education and licensing adequately equip novice drivers with the skills necessary to drive in the 21st century.

IN a previous article (Ref. 1, 1966), Chichester‐Miles of H.S.A. discussed some of the advantages and opportunities offered by the use of V.T.O.L. aircraft in short haul air transport. In a more recent article (Ref. 2, 1969), Boorer and Davey of B.A.C. reviewed the characteristics and some of the operational problems of V/S.T.O.L. aircraft, and argued in favour of initial civil S.T.O.L. aircraft leading to V.T.O.L. developments as an effective part of the overall ground and air transport system of the 1970s, on the basis of a foreseeable market demand for such aircraft at ranges between 50 and 300 miles. Quoting from their conclusions: ‘S.T.O.L. commercial operations appear therefore to be just around the corner. V.T.O.L. commercial operations may be a decade or so away but, as and when a S.T.O.L. inter‐city transport system develops, the improvement of S.T.O.L. performance toward V.T.O.L. may well become attractive and perhaps even necessary.’

A study of the main parameters to be resolved for civil V/S.T.O.L. aircraft, the necessity for all weather operation, the airport requirements and the competition from other forms of transport. FROM a choice of a wide range of V/S.T.O.L. applications, this paper is concerned with the civil aircraft aspects. It deals with the main parameters to be studied in resolving V.T.O.L. and S.T.O.L. aircraft characteristics, the weighting of these toward favourable performance and to meeting the proposed certification rules for this form of transport. The part to be played by electronics in all weather operations is also discussed. Competition from surface transport, and V/S.T.O.L. airport requirements are referred to, and some general characteristics of the many different aircraft configurations are discussed. Some conclusions are reached suggesting the direction and weighting of future work.

In recent years the British Research Associations have come of age commercially. There are a number of reasons for this including changes in Government grant policies, but, by way of introduction, let us simply say that they are now in business. They are in business just as much as any of their Members are in business in their fields. Part of that business, and a very important part, is the supply of information services; and the fact that the Research Associations are now operating in a commercial way should significantly increase their contribution to the nation's information store and reputation.

This paper aims to explore the link between dangerous driving and other criminal behaviour.

Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) five-step process for scoping reviews to identify, summarise and classify identified literature was used. Within the 30-year timeframe (1990–2019), 12 studies met the inclusion criteria.

This review indicates that individuals who commit certain driving offences are more likely to also have a general criminal history. In particular, driving under the influence, driving unlicensed and high-range speeding offences were associated with other forms of criminal behaviour. Seven of the studies mentioned common criminological theories; however, they were not integrated well in the analysis. No studies used explanatory psychosocial theories that investigate social and contextual factors.

Future research in this area would benefit from exploring individual and social influences that contribute to criminal behaviour in both contexts.

There is the potential to develop an information-led policing approach to improve safety on the roads and reduce wider offending behaviour. However, it is critical that road policing officers continue to focus on ensuring the road system is as safe as possible for users.

Criminal behaviour on the roads is often seen as a separate from other types of offending. This paper explores if, and how, these two types of offending are linked.

October WED.25. Scottish Branch meeting. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 7 p.m. ‘The provision of a library/information service for/by newspapers,’ by Miss A. S. Brown.

This purpose of this study is to outline an inclusive development strategy for crime prevention interventions. Crime prevention interventions are delivered to the target audience to convey an evidence-based message to dissuade would-be offenders from carrying out crimes. However, rarely is the target audience involved when designing crime prevention interventions.

Using the Delphi method, this paper documents the design of an intervention aimed at improving young drivers’ compliance with road rules, incorporating feedback from both a panel of experts and the target audience of the intervention. While expert feedback guided the content and the context of the intervention, the feedback from the target audience was critical in ensuring that effective delivery and messaging of the crafted intervention would occur.

By drawing on expert and experiential insights, this exploratory method of intervention design provided a simple and effective way of ensuring the effective delivery of a crime prevention message.

Although this study focussed on a road safety intervention, the crime prevention applications of this method are broad.

This paper outlines a collaborative methodology that utilises expert and experiential knowledge towards the design and development of a crime prevention intervention, in this case, targeted at young drivers.

The title of this volume is one that should bring an eager sparkle to the eyes of your aerodynamic friends. Both turbulence and heat transfer are topics of major practical importance, and for engineering purposes they share a common basis of empiricisms, regarded with justifiable suspicion by fundamental research workers, but on which useful working formulae have been developed. Meanwhile, the said research workers have pursued thoroughgoing scientific investigations into the phenomenon of turbulence and although as yet no important practical applications appear to have resulted from their work they have built up a body of knowledge which has its own intrinsic value and which will undoubtedly have important applications in the future. Good books on these topics are very rare, hence the interest which this title will arouse in aerodynamic circles. An optimist will expect the book to provide him with a complete and ordered survey of both the fundamental and applied lines of development, with appropriate critical comments, and he will expect to find the answers to many of the current problems with which he may be concerned. His expectations will not be entirely fulfilled, the arrangement is not as well ordered as it might be and the writing was largely completed in 1956, so that more recent developments and problems are not dealt with. Such defects are however inevitable in a collection of articles of this kind dealing with a rapidly developing group of subjects, and there is much of value in the book.