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The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of expectancy disconfirmation on passengers’ reactions to airline delays.

The study uses a between-subject factorial design with 9 treatments involving 161 subjects to collect data to test the hypotheses.

The study showed that, when given a positive disconfirmation, subjects feel better and are more satisfied, but when given a negative disconfirmation, they feel more negative and dissatisfied. Also, the effect size of positive disconfirmation on satisfaction and feelings about the service provider were significantly less than that of negative disconfirmation of the same size. Hence, in the event of a delay, managers may have to announce the upper bound of the delay duration so that passengers might feel better and become more satisfied when the actual delay duration is shorter than what was initially expected. In addition, they must try their best not to create situations of negative disconfirmation in light of their disproportional impact on satisfaction.

According to the results, airline managers should estimate as accurately as possible the duration of a delay when there is one.

A major contribution of this study is that manipulating the way delay duration information is given to passengers can affect feelings about the delay and the level of satisfaction with the airline.

This paper aims to develop a culturally sensitive model based on the Chinese Confucian philosophy and normative ethics, which emphasizes the wholehearted social responsibility of a Junzi (a noble man). Analogous to the popular marketing concept and strategic marketing orientation concepts, the authors define the Junzi concept as a business philosophy and Junzi orientation as the implementation of this philosophy. It proposes a Junzi orientation has a positive influence on companies' performances.

An 18-item scale comprising five dimensions: (1) Ren – benevolence, humaneness; (2) Yi – appropriateness, righteousness; (3) Li – propriety, harmonious differentiation; (4) Zhi – wisdom, knowledge management; and (5) Xin – integrity, trustworthiness, was developed to measure Junzi orientation. A total of 423 questionnaires were collected from different industries in Hong Kong, and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted.

The multidimensional behavioral construct of Junzi orientation scale was reliable and valid. The data supported that Junzi orientation has a positive influence on companies' performances.

The paper suggests that Junzi orientation could enhance a firm's competitive advantage.

This paper develops a culturally sensitive business orientation scale based on Chinese Confucianism and normative ethics.

It has long been asserted that market orientation is not necessary for property developers in Hong Kong because the market is basically a seller's market, even though many academicians believe that market orientation is the prerequisite for the successful operation of any company. To test this assertion empirically, this study looked into the nature of the correlational relationship between market orientation and company performance using sample data from large property companies in Hong Kong. A modified version of Kotler's questionnaire for measuring the extent of market orientation was used. The results showed that there is no significant correlational relationship between market orientation and business performance. In other words, there is no significant difference in the financial performance of companies that are market oriented and those that are not market oriented.

The thoughtless exploitation and pollution of the environment by our species has led to deep doubts regarding the ability of this planet to support our present style of living in the future. A campaign for greener, more environmentally friendly ways of living and consumerism is rapidly gaining momentum. While environmental concern groups and the general public pressurize governments and industrialists and choose to purchase greener products, the manufacturers themselves are adapting their production to effect a minimized toll on the environment and advertising themselves appropriately, to win the consumer's heart and dollars. By studying certain consumer perceptions about the ‘typical’ attributes of a green product that are not necessarily incorporated in an environmentally friendly production process, this research seeks to discover possibilities where the not‐so‐green producer can capitalize on green marketing by modifying only such perceived green product attributes. To this end, a survey was conducted in Hong Kong to determine how different consumers would perceive products that are clear and transparent. The findings reveal that consumers tended to associate clear and transparent products with purity and environmental friendliness.

Aims to estimate the design factors for surveys in Hong Kong. The design factor is to be used for estimating the true standard errors in surveys, using non‐simple random sampling methods. The resulting modified standard error can provide more accurate statistical computation in data analysis. Two surveys were conducted using a standard set of questions, one survey used simple random sampling; the other involved convenience sampling. Found that the design factor for surveys conducted in Hong Kong is 1.135. Notes that the two design factors found in Hong Kong are significantly smaller than those obtained overseas. Suggests this is possibly related to the Chinese people′s central tendency characteristic in expressing opinions, and that Hong Kong is a small, metropolitan city with a relatively homogeneous population.

Addresses two important and interrelated questions: (1) Do firms showing an identifiable set of organizational cultural values demonstrate superior strategic marketing effectiveness? (2) What effect does strategic marketing effectiveness have on business performance? The findings from 388 service firms located in Hong Kong suggest that organizational cultural values are related to dimensions of strategic marketing effectiveness. Furthermore, the findings suggest that dimensions of strategic marketing are related to profitability but not to market share. Finally, the findings further show that organizational cultural values affect both directly and indirectly the performance of the company through its impact on marketing effectiveness.

A survey was conducted using conjoint analysis to determine how consumers perceived the relative importance of price vs. quality of service in the selection of restaurants. The use of conjoint analysis enables one to mimic the trade‐off situation in a consumer’s choice process. The results showed that price was a more important factor than quality of service. Estimates are also made regarding how much more respondents are willing to pay for a higher level of service.

A study was conducted to determine the relationship between a firm's role in the competitive environment and the appropriate strategies to use. Using firms sampled from China, it was found that market‐oriented and relationship marketing‐oriented strategies are both important for market leaders, and market‐oriented strategies are the best for market challengers, while relationship marketing‐oriented strategies serve market followers and market nichers best.

The market orientation concept has received increasing research attention, although the vast majority of published work has focused on organizations based in western countries, especially in the USA. Given the importance of globalization, this western focus limits our understanding of the concept in global markets. The purpose of this study is to examine how the context of country/economy affects: levels of market orientation; and the strength of linkages between a company's market orientation and its business performance. Data were collected through a survey of firms in both mainland China and Hong Kong. These two economies were selected because they have similarities in cultural dimensions on the one hand, and differences in economic dimensions on the other. While the results suggest that the proposed conceptual model does generalize to a Chinese context, they also show that the country/economic context influences the impact of market orientation on business performance. However, contrary to our prediction, the country/economic context does not appear to affect the levels of market orientation. The implications of our findings are discussed and the limitations of the study as well as future research directions are also addressed.