Prelims

Half Title Page

Integration of Migrants into the Labour Market in Europe

Series Title Page

Advanced Series in Management

Series Editors: Miguel R. Olivas-Lujan and Tanya Bondarouk

Previous Volumes:

Social Media in Human Resources Management

Eds. Tanya Bondarouk and Miguel R. Olivas-Luján

Social Media in Strategic Management

Eds. Miguel R. Olivas-Luján and Tanya Bondarouk

(Dis)honesty in Management: Manifestations and Consequences

Eds. Tiia Vissak and Maaja Vadi

Commercial Diplomacy and International Business: A Conceptual and Empirical Exploration

Eds. H. Ruël

Electronic HRM in Theory and Practice

Eds. T. Bondarouk, H. Ruël, and J.C. Looise

Relational Practices, Participative Organizing

Eds. Chris Steyaert and Bart Van Looy

Autopoiesis in Organization Theory and Practice

Eds. Rodrigo Magalhaes & Ron Sanchez

Organizations as Learning Systems ‘Living Composition’ as an Enabling Infrastructure

Ed. Marjatta Maula

Complex Systems and Evolutionary Perspectives on Organizations: The Application of Complexity Theory to Organizations

Ed. Eve Mitleton-Kelly

Managing Imaginary Organizations: A New Perspective on Business

Eds. Bo Hedberg, Philippe Baumard and A. Yakhlef

Systems Perspectives on Resources, Capabilities and Management Processes

Eds. John Morecroft, Ron Sanchez and Aimé Heene

Tracks and Frames: The Economy of Symbolic Forms in Organizations

Ed. K. Skoldberg

Human Resource Management, Social Innovation and Technology

Eds. Tanya Bondarouk and Miguel R. Olivas-Luján

Dead Firms: Causes and Effects of Cross-Border Corporate Insolvency

Miguel M. Torres, Virginia Cathro, and Maria Alejandra Gonzalez Perez

New Ways of Working Practices: Antecedents and Outcomes

Jan de Leede

Age Diversity in the Workplace

Silvia Profili, Alessia Sammarra and Laura Innocenti

International Business Diplomacy: How Can Multinational Corporations Deal with Global Challenges?

Ed. Huub Ruel

Organisational Roadmap Towards Teal Organisations

Tanya Bondarouk, Anna Bos-Nehles, Maarten Renkema, Jeroen Meijerink, Jan de Leede

Indigenous Management Practices in Africa: A Guide for Educators and Practitioners

Eds. Uchenna Uzo and Abel Kinoti Meru

Diversity within Diversity Management: Country-based Perspectives

Eds. Andri Georgiadou, Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez and Miguel R Olivas-Lujan

Diversity within Diversity Management: Types of Diversity in Organizations

Eds. Andri Georgiadou, Maria Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez, Miguel R Olivas-Lujan

HRM 4.0 For Human-Centered Organizations

Rita Bissola & Barbara Imperatori

Sustainable Hospitality Management: Designing Meaningful Encounters with Talent and Technology

Huub Ruël, Angelique Lombarts, Jeoren A. Oskam

Title Page

Advanced Series in Management Volume 25

Integration of Migrants into the Labour Market in Europe: National, Organizational and Individual Perspectives

Edited By

Sylwia Przytuła

Wroclaw University of Economics, Poland

Łukasz Sułkowski

Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland

United Kingdom – North America – Japan India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

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First edition 2021

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ISBN: 978-1-83909-905-2 (Print)

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ISSN: 1877-6361 (Series)

List of Figures

List of Tables

About the Contributors

Eirini Aivaliotou, MA in Erasmus Mundus Global Studies Programme, currently she works as a research assistant in the H2020 ADMIGOV project. Her research focuses on migration with a particular interest in host communities and how these interact with the incoming migration flows.

Alberto Ares holds a PhD in International Migration and Development Cooperation from the Comillas Pontifical University. He specializes in Social Ethics complementing a Licentiate in Sacred Theology at Boston College and has a degree in Economics and Business Administration (University of Valladolid). He also holds a degree in Ecclesiastical Studies (Comillas Pontifical University). Alberto Ares has published more than 50 articles in various national and international journals, as well as a number of books and other publications.

Corrado Bonifazi – demographer and Research Director at the Italian National Research Council Institute for Research on Population and Social Policies (IRPPS-CNR), which he directed from 2014 to 2018. He chairs the Institute's research unit on ‘Populations and Migrations’ and chaired the European Association for Population Studies (EAPS) working group on ‘International Migration in Europe’. He has been the project leader in various research projects on international and internal migration. He is the author of numerous publications on migration and demography.

Maria Brown lectures in Adult Education, Community-based Education and in Sociology. She is based at the Faculty of Education of the University of Malta. Her research interests also include community action and community development, social equality, social policy, sustainable development, methodology and research methods. Her research includes contributions to the European Commission, Eurydice, the Council of Europe, the European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) and the Ministry for Education and Employment (Malta). She contributed to a number of EU-funded projects and published in academic peer-reviewed publications.

Daniele De Rocchi – MSc graduate in Demographic Statistical Sciences from ‘La Sapienza’ University of Rome. Currently he is a research fellow at the Italian National Research Council Institute for Research on Population and Social Policies.

Cecilia Estrada-Villas holds a PhD in International Migration and Development Cooperation from the Comillas Pontifical University and a master's Degree in International Relations and Communication from Complutense University in Madrid. Her main areas of research and publication are immigration and the media, as well as the reception and integration of refugees and asylum seekers. She is also a researcher at the University Institute of Migration Studies (IUEM by its Spanish acronym) at Comillas Pontifical University in Madrid, Spain.

Maria N. Gravani is an Assistant Professor in Continuing/Adult Education at the Open University of Cyprus (OUC), School of Humanities and Social Sciences; Academic Coordinator, at the OUC, of the International Masters in Adult Education for Social Change (Erasmus Mundus). She has been an elected Member of the European Society for Research in the Education of Adults (ESREA) Presidium since 2017. Her main research interests include adult teaching and learning in different contexts (second chance education, distance education, higher education), education for adult migrants, professionalization of adult educators and lifelong learning. She has participated in a number of research projects as principal investigator and researcher and has extensively published peer-reviewed papers.

Lubov Halkiv, Dr. of Science in Economics, Professor of Management of Organizations Department, Lviv Polytechnic National University. Her research and scientific interests are human capital, social and economic statistics and labor economics. She is the author of more than 300 scientific publications, related to social and economic statistics (Statistical evaluation of migration processes in Ukraine in the context of human capital losses. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2010).

Sylvia Heuchemer is a Professor of Economics and since 2009 the vice president for academic affairs at Technische Hochschule Köln (TH Köln). As such, she is responsible for the university-wide development programmes for study and teaching as well as research projects on the influence of university didactic measures on the teaching and learning culture and learning of the university organisation.

Juan Iglesias holds a PhD in Sociology. He has worked at the Comillas Pontifical University since 1999 and is a lecturer at the University Institute of Migration Studies. His postgraduate training included International Economy and Development studies and International Migration studies. He was a visiting lecturer at the Latin American Centre at St. Antony's College, Oxford and the School of Social Work at Boston College. He is currently participating in the Latin American Migration Project (LAMP) conducted by Princeton University.

Larissa Jōgi is a Professor of Andragogy at the School of Educational Sciences at Tallinn University, Estonia, and academic coordinator of two master programmes: Adult Education and International Masters in Adult Education for Social Change (Erasmus Mundus). She is a member of the ESREA and one of the Conveners of the ESREA network ‘Adult Educator, Trainer Professional Development’. She has been involved in many international and national research projects and has edited journals and books. Her current research interests include adult learning, professional identity and professionalization of adult educators, learning during the life course, professional identity of academics, teaching and learning in university and methodology of qualitative research.

Jagat Kunwar is a senior lecturer at South Eastern University of Applied Sciences, Finland. He teaches in the master's degree in International Business Management and bachelor's degree in Digital International Business program. He is a PhD candidate at Hanken School of Economics, Finland. His research interests include social movements, social inequalities and social change.

Yana Leontiyeva, PhD, is a researcher at the Czech Social Science Data Archive at the Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Her research is focused mainly on international migration with a special in interest in topics like integration of immigrants on the labour market, skills utilization, transnational migration practices, remittances, attitudes towards immigrants and minorities, methodological aspects of migration research and quality of migration statistics. She has advanced knowledge of quantitative and qualitative research methods and extensive experience of participation in national and international research projects, including coordination of migration related projects involving data collection and analysis. She is a member of the editorial board of the peer-reviewed journal Central and Eastern European Migration Review, and she has authored several publications, including books, book chapters and articles in scholarly journals.

Sławomir Magala taught cross-cultural management at the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands (1985–2015). He wrote ‘Class Struggle in Classless Poland’ (South End Press, 1982; under the penname of Stanislaw Starski), ‘The Polish Student Theatre as an Element of Counterculture’ (MAW Publishers, 1988; in Polish), ‘Cross Cultural Management’ (Routledge, 2005) and ‘The Management of Meaning in Organizations’ (Emerald, 2009). Blogs online: www.magala.nl. Since 2004, he is the editor-in-chief of Journal of Organizational Change Management. He is married to Joanna Ramlau and has a son, Jacek, and a daughter, Magdalena. He is described as a generalist with a cause.

Gilberto Marzano, Professor and head of the Laboratory of Pedagogical Technologies at the Rezekne Academy of Technologies (Latvia). Professor and advisor for international projects at the Janusz Korczak University in Warsaw (Poland). President of Ecoistituto, a research non-profit institution engaged in sustainable development; vice-president of IPSAPA (Interregional Society for Participation in Agribusiness Landscape and Environmental Management). He is visiting a professor at many European Universities and coordinator of international projects. For many years, he was professor at the University of Udine and at the University of Trieste (Italy). He also worked as an executive manager in private information and communication technology companies; he was the director of an R&D software laboratory and project leader of many important projects. He is an expert in computer science and social anthropology; he is an author of numerous scientific and technical publications.

Patrycja Matusz is a Professor based at the University of Wrocław; she is the Deputy Dean at the Faculty of Social Science. Her research and scientific interests focus on international migration, immigrants' integration, multi-level governance of migration and integration in the EU and the role of cities in development of integration policies. Professor Matusz led and participated in numerous research projects such as H2020 ADMIGOV, Advance Alternative Migration Governance; CLIP, Cities for Local Integration Policies; and KING, Knowledge on Integration Governance.

Anna Maria Migdał, Ph.D. – Associate Professor at the University of Social Sciences and Clark University (USA) and Vice-Dean for International Programmes of the Faculty of Management and Security Studies, University of Social Sciences, Poland. Her primary research and scientific interests include cultural aspects of migration and integration, women integration, cross-cultural management and cultural determinants of company location. She is a member of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. She is the author and co-author of several scientific publications. She has taught at the Saxion University of Applied Sciences (Netherlands).

Giacomo Panzeri – MSc graduate in Economics and Political Science at the University of Milan. Currently he is a research fellow at the Italian National Research Council Institute for Research on Population and Social Policies.

Lyubov Prokopyshyn-Rashkevych, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of Management of Organizations Department, Lviv Polytechnic National University. Her research and scientific interests are management potential of enterprises, innovation management processes and economic development. She is the author of more than 70 research works linked to management issues.

Sylwia Przytuła is a Professor based at Wroclaw University of Economics and Business and the University of Social Sciences in Poland. Her research and scientific interests centre on expatriation, global mobility, international HRM and cross-cultural management. She is the author of more than 120 scientific publications (for example, CSR in Poland, Springer, 2019; Leadership Across Cultures, Peter Lang, 2019). She has a number of awards, including 2018 Emerald Literati Award. Prof. Przytuła has been a visiting professor in a number of universities in Europe (University of Malta, University Carlos III of Madrid, Erasmus University in Rotterdam), in the United States and China. She was an instructor of the X-Culture Project, a large-scale international experiential learning programme that involved over 3,500 students from 100 universities from 40 countries. She is a reviewer for International Journal of HRM, Journal of Global Mobility and Journal of Organizational Change Management.

Harald Sander is Professor of Economics and International Economics at Technische Hochschule Köln (TH Köln) and has been awarded the Jean-Monnet Chair on ‘Europe in the Global Economy’. At TH Köln, he is the Director of the Institute of Global Business and Society. He also holds a position as Professor of Economics at Maastricht School of Management. He specializes in international economics. He is the author of six books and about 50 refereed scholarly articles. He also involves himself actively into public policy debates as a blogger for outlets such as The Conversation, LSE EUROPP and Roubini's EconoMonitor.

Bonnie L. Slade is a Professor in Adult Education at the School of Education, University of Glasgow, Scotland, and Project Leader for the International Masters in Adult Education for Social Change (Erasmus Mundus). She is interested in how adult education, across a variety of contexts (workplace, higher education, community), can work as a tool for social change. Her interdisciplinary research draws on adult education, labour studies, migration studies, women's studies and arts-informed research traditions to explore issues related to informal learning, migration and the labour market. She is one of the Consulting Editors of the European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults (RELA) and a member of the International Board of Reviewers for the Malta Review of Educational Research (MRER).

Łukasz Sułkowski – Professor of economics and humanities. President of the Management Board of PCG Poland (part of international corporation Public Consulting Group). Chair of HEI's Management Department at the Faculty of Management and Social Communication of the Jagiellonian University and the Chair of the Management Department at the University of Social Sciences in Lodz, Poland. Professor at Clark University (USA) and Director of Clark University Branch Campus. Łukasz Sulkowski is a member of several professional and international associations: Reseau PGV (steering committee), IFERA, EURAM, AAofM. He is the author of ca. 200 papers (ca. 80 Scopus, WoS or JCR) and 16 books. He was the main investigator of 18 research projects. Since 2008, he is the editor-in-chief of the quarterly ‘Journal of Intercultural Management’. He holds numerous awards from the Rector of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Clark University and University of Social Sciences. His main research interests include HEIs and public management, critical management studies, development of human resources, intercultural management and family entrepreneurship.

Aleksandra Zając, MA – PhD candidate. Director of the International Projects Department at the University of Social Sciences in Poland. She is in charge of the university's internationalization development activities, i.e., obtaining EU funds, expanding international cooperation and management of international networking for scientific research conducted at the university. She is the author of many international projects in the field of intercultural education, entrepreneurship and social innovation. Her scientific interests include university development, trajectory analysis for obtaining R&D grants and internationalization of the HEI.

Foreword

International migration into Europe has become not just a significant example of social mobility but a contentious subject of economic, social and political debate. The numbers involved are uncertain and disputed and there is little agreement on how to define migrants, or on who should be included, or excluded, but it was estimated in 2019 that around 275 million people live outside their home country: an increase of over 50 million in the last ten years (UN international Migrant Stock, 2019). As a proportion of the world’s population, the number of migrants has gone up steadily from 2.8% to more than 3.5% since the turn of the century. The largest number of international migrants reside in just a few countries with the USA, Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United Arab Emirates, Canada and Australia being among the leading locations. But Europe has become one of the major magnets for migrants with Germany having 13 million migrants amongst its total population of 83 million citizens, the UK having 10 million (of 66 million), France 8 million (of 67 million) and Italy 6 million (of 60 million). Indeed, almost every European country now has a significant population of migrants; often of over 10% of the total population.

Around half of all migrants are women and three-quarters of the total number are of working age. They come to another country looking for work, or hoping for work, or in order to take up work. It is this group’s impact on the labour market that is the subject that Sylwia Przytuła and Łukasz Sułkowski have asked their distinguished contributors to discuss. Given that it is through work that migrants will make their biggest impact on a society and that it is through work that they can best integrate into society, understanding their integration into the European labour market is an important endeavour.

There are definitional problems. For many people the definitions are reflections of their prejudices (or, as they would probably say, ‘simple common sense’). Migrants are foreigners, often with a different skin colour or religion or different customs from ‘ours’, probably doing low levels jobs, and trying to support, or to gain government support for their large families. (If we find foreigners who are more like us and doing high-level jobs, we call them ‘expatriates’). There is some truth in these stereotypes, but a lot of untruths too. As scholars we have to go beyond these simplistic notions and ensure that we are discussing a coherent and differentiated category of people. The main difference between expatriates and migrants is that expatriates are in a country temporarily, migrants are there to settle: they are there long-term.

Migrants, then, come in all shapes and sizes. Some will be the people who fit the stereotype of being black- or brown-skinned, or a different religion, poor, lowly-educated and prepared to take almost any work. Others will be highly qualified, senior people at the top of their profession, lured to another country to take up a job that they have been recruited for. In between there will be people who have applied competitively for a job in another country, people whose transfer has been facilitated by agencies or middlemen, and people who arrive in a country hoping to find work. And then there are refugees: migrants who have been driven out of a country, rather than chosen to go, and are now in a place they would rather not be. We have to be careful not to confuse these groups; not all migrants are the same. Whilst many of the chapters in Sylwia Przytuła and Łukasz Sułkowski’s book cover the lower status migrants, there is recognition of the other kinds of migration too.

There are specific issues in Europe. Much of the recent growth in the number of migrants has been of people from outside Europe coming into the continent. But Europe also has a particular, indeed unique, situation where people from any one of the European Union’s nation states have the right to get work in any other state – and as a consequence to settle down there, to buy property there, and to pay all the dues and receive all the benefits of any citizen of that state. Much intra-European migration is not even recorded.

The highly qualified experts that the editors have brought together in this text examine the situation in Europe in detail. They examine policy and practice, they examine the development of language skills and digital support and, taking a wide view of Europe, they examine some dozen or more countries. This is an important book, these are important subjects, and subjects that will have both immediate value and resonance for years to come.

Chris Brewster, Professor of International Human Resource Management, Henley Business School,University of Reading, UK

April 2020