Prelims

Half Title

Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict

Series Page

Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change

Series Editors

Sandra Walklate, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia.

Kate Fitz-Gibbon, School of Social Sciences at Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia.

Jude McCulloch, Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia.

JaneMaree Maher, Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, Sociology, Monash University, Australia.

Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change offers a platform for innovative, engaged, and forward-looking feminist-informed work to explore the interconnections between social change and the capacity of criminology to grapple with the implications of such change.

Social change, whether as a result of the movement of peoples, the impact of new technologies, the potential consequences of climate change, or more commonly identified features of changing societies, such as ageing populations, inter-generational conflict, the changing nature of work, increasing awareness of the problem of gendered violence(s), and/or changing economic and political context, takes its toll across the globe in infinitely more nuanced and inter-connected ways than previously imagined. Each of these connections carry implications for what is understood as crime, the criminal, the victim of crime and the capacity of criminology as a discipline to make sense of these evolving interconnections. Feminist analysis, despite its contentious relationship with the discipline of criminology, has much to offer in strengthening the discipline to better understand the complexity of the world in the twenty-first century and to scan the horizon for emerging, possible or likely futures.

This series invites feminist-informed scholars, particularly those working comparatively across disciplinary boundaries to take up the challenges posed by social change for the discipline of criminology. The series offers authors a space to adopt and develop strong, critical personal views whether in the format of research monographs, single or co-authored books or edited collections. We are keen to promote global views and debates on these issues and welcome proposals embracing such perspectives.

Forthcoming titles in this series

The Emerald Handbook of Criminology, Feminism and Social Change

Sandra Walklate, Kate Fitz-Gibbon, Jude McCulloch and JaneMaree Maher (Eds)

Mothering from the Inside

Kelly Lockwood

Young Women’s Carceral Geographies: Journeys In, Out, and Beyond Confinement

Anna Schliehe

Carceral Feminicidio: The Disappearance of Indigenous Women into Prisons

Gillian Balfour

Praise for Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict: More Dangerous to be a Woman?

‘Banwell’s careful scholarship challenges well-worn orthodoxies about gender, sexual violence, war and the state. A much needed addition to contemporary feminist criminology.’

-Jennifer Fleetwood, Senior Lecturer, Goldsmiths, University of London

‘Banwell’s book is truly imaginative. She draws on a wide range of interdisciplinary literature, constructs a framework that analyzes where and how gender is implicated in war and securitization. Taking a case study approach and adopting the assumptions of visual criminology, each chapter allows Banwell to demonstrate time and again her main arguments as well as the depth of her scholarship. This is a must read for students and academics alike. Chapter 1 ought to be on every undergraduate reading list for any criminological methods or theory course!’

-Prof Jo Phoenix, The Open University

‘Rather than asking who suffers more in armed conflicts, Banwell explores the unique ways women and men experience war. Noting that gender is often deployed to justify war: think men as valient and women as fragile beings in need of protection, she urges criminologists to study the “new” wars. She is particularly focused on ways that these wars often blur categories in ways that make girls and women uniquely vulnerable to gender based violence.’

-Meda Chesney-Lind, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Title Page

Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict: More Dangerous to Be a Woman?

BY

Dr Stacy Banwell

University of Greenwich, UK

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

Copyright Page

Emerald Publishing Limited

Howard House, Wagon Lane, Bingley BD16 1WA, UK

First edition 2020

Copyright © Stacy Banwell 2020. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this work (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-78769-116-2 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78769-115-5 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78769-117-9 (Epub)

An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org

Contents

Author Biography

Stacy Banwell, PhD, is a Principal Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Greenwich. She is also the Programme Leader of the MSc in Criminology, Gender and Sexualities at the University of Greenwich. Her research addresses gender and the violence(s) of war and armed conflict, as well as gender and economic foreign policy in warzones. She is one of the lead members of the Gender, Deviance and Society Research Group at the University of Greenwich. She is currently conducting empirical research on the reproductive healthcare needs of female war-affected populations. This research reviews US foreign policy on abortion under President Trump. She is also developing her research on the relationship between gender, the violence(s) of war/armed conflict and climate insecurity.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Taylor and Francis for granting me permission to reproduce parts of my previously published work.

Parts of Chapter 1 are based on the following article: Banwell, S. (2016). Rassenschande, genocide and the reproductive Jewish body: Examining the use of rape and sexualized violence against Jewish women during the Holocaust? Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 15(2), 208–227. This was published by Taylor and Francis. The journal’s website can be found here: www.tandfonline.com

Parts of Chapter 2 are based on the following article: Banwell, S. (2014). Rape and sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A case study of gender-based violence. Journal of Gender Studies, 23(1), 45–58. This was published by Taylor and Francis. The journal’s website can be found here: www.tandfonline.com

Parts of Chapter 3 are based on the following article: Banwell, S. (2015b) Globalisation masculinities, empire building and forced prostitution: A critical analysis of the gendered impact of the neoliberal economic agenda in post-invasion/occupation Iraq. Third World Quarterly, 36(4), 705–722. Copyright © Southseries Inc., www.thirdworldquarterly.com, reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com on behalf of Southseries Inc., www.thirdworldquarterly.com

I would like to thank the USC Visual History Archive for the use of the Holocaust testimonies from their Shoah Foundation online archive. Thanks also to Maggie Paterson at Amnesty International for granting me permission to use the Amnesty International 2009 London Tube campaign.

For granting me space in my workload to write this book I would like to thank Sandra Clarke (University of Buckingham) and Professor Darrick Jolliffe (University of Greenwich).

I am grateful to Professor Sandra Walkate for passing on my details to Emerald Publishing when I first expressed an interest in publishing in their Feminism, Criminology and Social Change Series.

I would like to mention and thank the 2017/18 cohort of students on Crime in the City, Crime and the State for the debates we had about genocidal rape.

Thanks to Irene Barranco Garcia the Collaborations, Compliance and Copyright Manager at the University of Greenwich for her expertise and advice on copyright issues.

For making the publication of this book possible, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who reviewed the book proposal and offered constructive feedback on the outline of the book. Thanks to the supportive team at Emerald Publishing (Philippa Grand, Rachel Ward, Hazel Goodes, Katy Mathers, Alice Ford, Chris Tutill and Lauren Flintoft), it has been a pleasure working with you all. My particular thanks to Jules Willan and Helen Beddow for their guidance and reassurance throughout this whole process.

Thank you to my wonderful group of friends for your support and for checking in throughout this process (for the phone calls, and/or coffee/wine breaks, particular thanks to Opi, Mel and Emma).

Thanks to my friend and office pal Alex Fanghanel for her words of wisdom and her advice on how to write a book! And even though we never got around to it, knowing that you were on hand to cry over the sign, the signifier and signified kept me going!

I would like to give a special thanks to my incredible niece Jemima Duncalf, not least for reminding me to breathe, but for her encouragement and infectiously positive outlook on life.

For being there from the start (when I was anxiously awaiting the reviewer’s comments on the draft proposal), right through to the final stages – even through the most difficult of times – I thank my oldest friend Lizzie Rutter. Your determination, resilience and selflessness are inspirational.

Most of all I would like to thank Michael Fiddler, not only for his support, advice and encouragement throughout this process, but for reading through drafts of this book. Thank you for your honesty and for holding no punches when it came to providing feedback on early drafts of the various chapters of this book. Your suggestions for further reading – which often pushed me outside of my comfort zone (yes, I’m referring to semiotics, postmodern memes and the sign, the signifier and signified!) – made this a much stronger piece of work.

You have always described us as a team. For this I feel blessed and grateful.