Index

Citation

(2020), "Index", Banwell, S. (Ed.) Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict: More Dangerous to Be a Woman? (Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change), Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78769-115-520201010

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020 Stacy Banwell

License

This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this work (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

---

INDEX

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate notes.

Abu Ghraib

, 13, 16, 21, 107–133, 161, 163, 168, 171

and Iraqi prisoners

, 21, 108, 115, 123, 132

and Megan Ambuhl, Lynndie England and Sabrina Harman

, 16, 110, 116–117

and sexualised violence and torture

, 21

Åhäll, Linda. (see Militarised maternal body)

Amnesty international

, 86, 104, 137

American exceptionalism

, 16, 108, 110, 112, 114, 118, 120, 123, 126, 133, 161

Aoláin, Fionnuala

, 29, 31, 85

and assault on bodily integrity

, 31

and assault on motherhood

, 31–33

Armed conflict

, 1–14, 19–42, 48, 55, 60, 63, 68, 71, 77, 79, 81–82, 93–94, 138, 141, 146, 165, 168, 171

the distinction between armed conflict and war

, 9

Beijing declaration and platform for action.

, (see also Beijing platform), 93

Bibi Aisha

, 113–115, 120, 133, 138

Brown, Michelle and Carrabine, Eamon

, 1, 111–112

and visual criminology

, 1, 12, 16, 108, 110–112, 133, 159

Butler, Judith.

, 119–120, 136

on The digitalization of evil.

, 119, 136

Caldwell, Ryan

, 116, 118, 127–128

and Fallgirls: gender and the framing of torture at Abu Ghraib

, 118

and Sabrina Harman

, 16, 110, 116, 120, 126–128

Card, Claudia

, 24, 38–39, 45

and physical destruction

, 22, 38–39, 15

and social death

, 21, 38–39, 74

Carpenter, Charli

, 136, 139, 141–142

and the human security framework

, 136, 141–142

Carrabine, Eamon

, 1, 111–112, 119–121

on images of suffering

, 16, 109, 119–120

Centre of gravity

, 7, 19

in relation to women as beautiful souls

, 7, 11, 164

Clark, Janine

, 59, 136, 145

and the vulnerability of the penis

, 136, 145

Climate variability

, 13–16, 88, 105–106, 138, 140, 153–155, 162–163, 168

Comfort women

, 76–77

and comfort stations

, 76–77

and the rape of Nanking

, 76n5

Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV)

, 14, 16, 25, 43–63, 91, 135, 168

Coerced sexual activities

, 15, 23, 65–83, 86, 103, 105, 142, 160, 164

in relation to Iraq

, 13–15, 20, 55, 63, 66, 79, 84, 91

in relation to Syria

, 13–14, 55, 63, 66, 79, 84, 91

Connell, Raewyn

, 15, 45, 53, 82, 125, 140, 149, 167

and the gender hierarchy

, 15–16, 46, 53, 59, 63, 125–126, 133–134, 138–140, 146–149, 151, 153, 163, 167

and globalisation masculinities

, 15–16, 45, 53, 63, 69, 83, 124, 138–140, 146, 149, 151, 153, 160, 163

and transnational business masculinity

, 53, 63

Connell, Raewyn and Messerchmidt, James

, 53, 125, 167

on gender as relational

, 12

Child marriage

, 98–106

Chinkin, Christine & Kaldor, Mary

, 5, 9–10, 26, 51

and new and old wars

, 9–10

Chirot, Daniel & McCauley, Clark

, 13, 20, 33

and essentialisation

, 13

Darfur

, 10, 13, 16, 25, 140–149, 155, 160, 168

and African and Arab tribes

, 147–148

and Arabisation policies

, 16, 140, 147, 149, 151, 155, 163

and environmental

, 146–147

and gender roles

, 100, 133, 138, 144, 148, 163, 166–167

and gender hierarchies

, 53, 93

and geographic location

, 154–155

and the justice and equality movement

, 148

and the land system

, 147

and the national political landscape

, 147

and the origins of the conflict

, 47–49, 90, 138

and primary and proximate victimisation

, 150–151

and the Sudan liberation movement/army

, 148

Dark tourism

, 107, 111, 123–124

Dehumanisation thesis

, 13, 21, 35, 37

in relation to Abu Ghraib

, 13, 110, 123

in relation to Bangladesh

, 13, 19

in relation to the Holocaust

, 13, 19

Diken, Bulent & Lausten, Carsten

, 26, 38–39

and the abject

, 38–39, 41, 104, 170

Disproportionality thesis

, 4–5, 162, 171

Droughts

, 8, 13–16, 83, 88, 98, 106, 140, 153–155, 163

in relation to Darfur

, 16, 140, 163

in relation to Syria

, 83, 163

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

, 1, 10, 13–15, 20, 25, 43–62, 78, 143, 149, 160–161, 163, 170

and Congolese customary laws

, 56

and Congolese family law

, 56

and Congolese minerals

, 48

and Congolese rape laws

, 46, 163

and crimes against humanity

, 15, 46, 52, 54, 57–63, 66, 135, 151

and gender inequalities

, 4, 46, 55–56, 163, 171

and the illegal exploitation of minerals

, 46, 52

and militia groups

, 48, 61

and the origins of the conflict

, 47–49

and rape and sexual violence

, 42, 45, 47, 49–51

and State-corporate crimes

, 46, 54, 61, 164

and transnational corporations

, 10, 14, 51, 53, 60, 62

and the family legal code

, 56

and war crimes

, 15, 52, 54, 60–62

Early marriage

, 15, 47, 74, 88, 100–103

Economic globalisation

, 14, 16, 45, 51–54, 63, 89, 95, 98, 106

Emasculation

, 74, 145, 153

in relation to Darfur

, 145

in relation to Iraq

, 145

Essentialisation 13.

, (see also Chirot and McCauley)

Femininity

, 7, 10–11, 125, 128

and militarised femininity

, 11–16, 133, 167

Flaschka, Monika

, 33–34

on loss of femininity

, 34

Feminist

, 14–15

and the ethics of war

, 15, 62–63, 83

and the postcolonial critique

, 89

and the political economy approach

, 14–15, 45, 51, 63, 68, 70, 73, 82, 89, 95, 102, 106, 163

Feminist criminology

, 16, 109–111, 128–129, 134

and the critique of mainstream criminology

, 12

and the criminal justice system

, 81, 110–111, 170

and the pathways literature

, 111

Feminisation

, 145, 149, 153., (see also Emasculation)

Fogelman, Eva

, 23, 25, 27–28, 30, 45, 76–77

on entitlement rape

, 23, 77

Forced abortion

, 11, 22, 24, 29, 31–32, 35, 41, 47, 100, 139, 161

in relation to the Holocaust

, 22

in relation to Bangladesh

, 22, 41

Forced marriage

, 11, 47, 66, 80, 86, 96, 98–102, 139, 167, 169

Forced nakedness

, 11, 116

in relation to the Holocaust

, 117

in relation to Abu Ghraib

, 29, 31, 37, 109

and sexualised violence

, 29, 31, 37, 109

Forced impregnation

, 21–22, 26, 39–40, 97, 100., (see also Takai, Alexandra)

Forced pregnancy

, 11, 26–27, 38, 40–41, 47, 89, 100, 139, 151, 169

Forced prostitution

, 11, 15, 23, 47, 58, 73–82, 103, 139, 160–161

in relation to Iraq

, 68–70

Forced sterilisation

, 11, 22, 24, 29, 31, 35, 161

and castration

, 140, 144–145, 151–153

Foucault

, 44, 117, 136–137

and biopolitics

, 136–138

on sovereign violence

, 16, 109, 117–118, 134

Gender-binary/ies

, 6, 130, 138, 164–167

and the war on terror

, 13, 16, 133

and essentialism

, 3–7, 10, 13, 17, 134, 141–142, 159, 162, 164, 166, 168, 171

Gendered

civilising missions

, 45, 109, 113, 160

justificatory narratives

, 7, 68, 164

lens

, 6–8, 17, 23–24, 46, 60–62, 112, 163, 171

war-fighting

, 7–8, 10, 13, 57, 61, 162

Gender-based violence/violence(s) (GBV/GBV(s))

, 4–5, 36, 55, 65, 69, 135, 159, 163, 168

examples of: forced labour and forced recruitment

, 11, 47, 49, 68, 91, 170

female genital mutilation

, 47

forced abortion

, 11, 22, 24, 29, 31–32, 35, 41, 47, 100, 139, 161

forced and early marriage

, 47

forced nakedness

, 11, 116

forced pregnancy

, 11, 26–27, 38, 40–41, 47, 89, 100, 139, 151, 169

forced prostitution

, 11, 15, 23, 47, 58, 73–82, 103, 139, 160–161

forced sterilisation

, 11, 22, 24, 29, 31, 35, 161

rape and sexual violence

, 1–3, 12, 44, 49–51, 57–58, 72, 85–86, 88, 91–93, 160

sex-selective killing

, 11, 138, 140, 148, 150, 153, 155–156

Genital-harm

, 16, 138, 140, 151–153, 157, 170

mutilation

, 11, 47, 140, 143, 145

Genocide

, 3, 10, 138, 155

in Rwanda

, 26, 48

in the Former Yugoslavia

, 3, 20, 22, 25, 27, 57, 141, 145, 152, 168

Genocidal and violence

, 11–14, 16, 20, 24–26, 29, 35–37, 66, 68, 140, 145–146, 151–153, 160–161, 164, 168

Genocidal rape

, 21, 24–27, 34, 37–41., (see also Forced pregnancy)

Globalisation

, 82

Global economy

, 10, 51

Global gag rule

, 92–93

Globalisation masculinities

, 15–16, 45, 53, 63, 69, 83, 124, 138–140, 146, 149, 151, 153, 160, 163

in relation to the DRC

, 45, 160

in relation to Iraq

, 160

Glocalisation and masculinities

, 16, 88, 135–156

Government of Sudan

, 16, 140, 146, 150

Grey, Rosemary

, 1, 22

and reproductive violence

, 22

Grey, Rosemary & Shepherd, Laura

, 141

and the absent presence logic

, 136

Ground zero

, 107–108, 117, 124

Halbmayr, Brigitte

, 29, 31, 37, 109

and sexualised violence

, 29, 31, 37, 109

Hegemonic masculinity/ies

, 4, 14, 20, 25, 53–54, 59–60, 125, 148–149, 167, 170., (See also militarised masculinity/ies)

Heterosexuality within the military

, 149

Hirschauer, Sabine

, 2, 44, 86, 137

and securitisation

, 2, 44

Hodalska, Magdalena

, 107–108

and dark tourism

, 107

and mobile memories

, 108

and selfies

, 108

Holocaust

, 13, 19–21, 23–25, 27–35, 42, 76, 164

and the final solution

, 23, 25, 27

Hristova, Stefka

, 121

and the Lynndie pose

, 121

Hyper-capitalism

, 14, 45–46

Illicit economy/ies

, 15, 67, 73, 79–81, 104, 161, 163–164

and Iraq

, 15

Informal economy

, 67, 71, 73, 104–105

global

, 14

in Iraq

, 67, 73

in Syria

, 88

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

, 9

International law

, 11, 15, 26, 57–58, 60, 62, 77, 83, 143, 169–170

International relations

, 4, 12, 63, 70, 87, 93, 136

International security

, 4, 85–86, 136

Iraq

, 7, 13, 15, 69, 83

and the coalition provisional army

, 74, 82–83

and the economy

, 10, 69, 72, 74, 83, 101

and personal status laws

, 65

post invasion/occupation

, 65–83

and the US intervention

, 113, 161

ISIS

, 66–68, 90–91, 96, 98

in Iraq

, 66

in Syria

, 66

Janjaweed

, 16, 140, 146, 148–150

Jessica Lynch

, 114–115, 130

jus post bellum-just peace

, 62

just war theory

, 57, 61–62

and the non-combatant immunity principle

, 57, 61, 63

Kaldor, Mary

, 5, 8–10, 26, 51

and new wars and old wars

, 9–10

Kelly, Liz

, 79

the continuum of sexual violence

, 79

Kristeva, Julia

, 38

and the abject

, 38

Know your meme

, 121, 123

Krylova, Anna

, 165–168

and gender binary

, 164–166

and dichotomy

, 165–166

and the nonbinary dichotomy

, 165–166, 168

Leatherman, Janie

, 4, 45, 48, 51, 54–55, 57, 62–63, 71, 135

and the ethics of care

, 63

Lombroso

, 112

and biological determinism

, 112

Lombroso and Ferrero

, 111, 130

and criminal women

, 111, 128

and women’s biological nature

, 130

Lynndie England

, 16, 109–110, 116, 119–123, 128

Macro-level

, 14, 16, 24, 27–28, 51–54, 60–61, 69, 71, 82, 89, 140, 153, 155–156, 160–163

Maternal

and the body

, 14, 19, 21, 131–133, 161, 167

and the militarised body

, 109, 131–132

and the post-conflict body

, 19

Major General Patrick Cammaert

, 1, 4, 138, 156, 164

Masculinity

hegemonic

, 3–4, 14, 20, 25, 44, 46, 53–54, 59–61, 125, 140, 144, 148–149, 167, 170

hypermasculinity

, 59, 62, 109, 126

Meger, Sara

, 1–2, 4, 44–51, 54, 56–59, 61–62, 86, 91

and fetishisation

, 2, 44–45, 50, 86, 89, 91, 105, 108

and Marx’s commodity fetish

, 86

Meso-level

, 14–16, 25, 28, 46, 54–59, 61, 105, 140, 153, 155, 163

Meme/s

, 121–123

and iconic images

, 122–123

and Lynndie England

, 121–123

and postmodern

, 121–123

9/11 memorial site

, 107–108

Micro-level

, 14–17, 24–25, 45, 51, 54, 59–63, 68, 140, 153, 155–156, 163

Military

and institution

, 9–10, 15, 25, 54–55, 61–62, 109, 163, 167

and heterosexual masculinity

, 15, 25, 46, 54–55, 59–61, 63, 170

and the US

, 71, 96, 128

Militarisation

, 61

militarised femininity

, 109, 120, 132

militarised masculinity/ies

, 10–11, 46, 55, 112, 163, 167

Militarised maternal body

, 131–132

Mohanty, Chandra

, 44, 112, 160

and the average-third-world woman

, 44

and the feminist postcolonial critique

, 89

Motherhood-assault on.

, (see also Aoláin, Fionnuala)

and biological

, 19

and the removal of war babies

, 40–41

the regulation of

, 41

Mother as nation

, 14, 42

Mullins, Christopher & Roth, Dawn

, 12–13, 25–26, 45, 47, 51–52, 160

and state crimes

, 13, 15, 47, 160–161

Nazi

and the eugenicist policy

, 24

and ideology

, 24, 29

and Rassenschande

, 29–31, 34

Neoliberal

agenda

, 83, 108

policy

, 98, 101, 164

Neoliberalism

, 10, 16, 45–46, 53, 69–70, 81–83, 89, 102–103, 105–106, 125, 140, 161, 163

and the international monetary fund

, 45, 82

and Jacobson, Ruth

, 10, 82–83

and privitisation in Iraq

, 67, 82–83, 161

and Syria

, 163

and the world bank

, 45, 103

Nordberg, Jenny

, 3–4, 166

The underground girls of Kabul.

, 3

Owen, Margaret

, 74

on widowhood Iraq

, 74

Pakistani army

, 21, 36, 161

Patriarchy

, 16, 25, 53, 89, 93, 99, 106, 111, 128–129

Perpetrators

, 6, 12–13, 17, 20, 26, 37, 40, 45, 49, 54, 58, 63, 83, 87, 106, 108, 115–116, 133, 138–139, 148, 159, 162, 165, 171

Peterson, Spike

, 10, 72–74, 80–81, 104

and post conflict informal economies

, 67, 73–74, 83, 88, 104, 106

Poitras, Laura

, 107

-astro noise

, 107

President Donald Trump

, 92

Rape

, 1–3, 16, 19–20, 24–27, 29, 35–41, 91–93, 140, 150–151, 170

as a weapon-of war

, 25, 45, 56

Reproductive

and body

, 14, 22, 29, 35, 41, 68, 93, 161, 164

and the Jewish body

, 28, 35

and healthcare

, 15, 56, 86–87, 92–98, 171

Richter-Montpetit, Melanie

, 71, 115–116, 118

and colonial violence

, 118

Safe abortion

, 15, 26, 86, 89, 93–98, 169

Said, Edward

, 114

and orientalism

, 114

Schweickart, Patrocinio

, 93

on androcentric reading strategies

, 93

Securitisation

, 86–87

Semiotics

, 121–122, 164

and the sign, signifier and signified

, 122

Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA)

, 23, 50, 76, 77, 100, 102, 140

and feminist debates

, 15, 77–79

and female victims

, 3, 31, 37–39, 41, 81, 89, 96, 141, 168

and male victims

, 13, 135–136, 139, 141, 143, 159, 162, 170

Sex-selective killing

, 11, 138, 140, 148, 150, 153, 155, 156–157

Sexual violence

, 85

Sexual violence-related pregnancies

, 94–95, 97–98

Sexual slavery

, 11, 23, 28, 47, 66–67, 73–80, 83, 96–97, 103, 139, 164

in relation to Iraq

, 67, 73

Shannon, Lisa

, 43–44, 49–50, 160

A thousand sisters

, 43

Sjoberg, Laura

, 15

the feminist ethics of war

, 15, 63

Sjoberg, Laura & Gentry, Caron

, 79

and the relative autonomy approach

, 79

and militarised femininity

, 109, 120, 132

and the whore narrative

, 120, 131

Sontag, Susan

, 119–120

On photography

, 119

Regarding the pain of others

, 119

Spivak, Gayatri

, 44–45, 71, 109, 160

and epistemic violence

, 44

and the feminist postcolonial critique

, 89

Stop Rape Now

, 1–3, 85, 137

and GET CROSS

, 1–2, 44

Structural violence/violence(s)

, 13, 15, 19, 69, 75, 83, 85–106, 159–160, 164, 171

Stigma

, 38, 73, 143

and the criminalisation of homosexuality

, 143

and the fear of reporting

, 170

and shame

, 58, 143

and honour crimes

, 39

Survivor/s

, 6, 17, 23, 26–28, 30–36, 39–41, 43–45, 58, 63, 68, 89, 94–95, 97, 137–138, 143–144, 150, 152, 159–160, 168–171

Survival sex

, 15, 75–77, 83, 160

in Syria

, 103–106

Sylvester, Christine

, 93

and art metaphors in international relations

, 93

Syria

, 96–103

and abortion laws

, 96

and unemployment

, 88, 101

and denial of education

, 15, 86, 98–101, 103

and forcible impregnation

, 89, 98, 169

and maternal deaths

, 95–97

and neoliberal policies

, 98, 101, 103, 164

and patriarchy

, 89

and sexual harassment

, 105

and the origins of the conflict

, 90

and violence against women and girls

, 5, 7, 12, 45, 47, 86

and the Yazidi women

, 77, 96

Takai, Alexandra

, 26–27, 35, 38, 40

and forced impregnation

, 21–22, 39–40, 97, 100

the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women

, 11, 93

the Geneva conventions

, 11, 57, 94, 97

the international criminal court

, 11, 26, 57, 75, 89, 151, 169

the 1971 Liberation War

, 10, 13, 19, 21–22, 35–37, 76, 160–161, 164

the Rome statute

, 11, 57–58, 60, 76

the united nations declaration on the elimination of violence against women

, 11, 69, 93

Trafficking

, 47

for sexual purposes

, 47

Transactional sex

, 75, 78, 79., (see also Survival sex)

Trump administration

, 87, 89, 93, 96–97

unaccompanied and separated children

, 142

United nations population fund (UNFPA)

, 88, 91, 93

and the defunding of

, 93–98

United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCR)

, 85

UNSCR

, 1325, 57, 137

UNSCR

, 1483, 67, 82–83

UNSCR

, 1820, 57, 85, 137

UNSCR

, 1888, 57, 137

UNSCR

, 1889, 57, 94

UNSCR

, 1960, 57

UNSCR

, 2106, 12, 57, 137, 169

UNSCR

, 2122, 12, 94

UNSCR

, 2242, 12

Unsafe abortions

, 95–96

Unwanted pregnancies

, 89, 92, 96–98

Victims

female

, 3, 31, 37–39, 41, 81, 89, 96, 141, 168

male

, 13, 135–136, 139, 141, 143, 159, 162, 170

Victimisation

, 91

Violence(s)

, 8

against men and boys

, 142

against women and girls

, 5, 7, 12, 19, 45, 47, 63, 72, 83, 86, 88, 92, 139, 152

definition of

, 69

institutional

, 161–163

interpersonal

, 8, 13, 89, 100, 109, 159, 161, 164

reproductive

, 8, 16, 22, 24–25, 28–35, 140, 146, 151–156, 161, 163, 170

structural

, 13, 15, 19, 69, 75, 83, 85–106, 159–160, 164, 171

of war/armed conflict

, 3–8, 19–20, 22, 56–57, 63, 68, 76–77, 103, 106, 138, 163–169

visual criminology

, 1, 12, 16, 108, 110–112, 133, 159

and visuality

, 1–3, 44, 86, 93, 111–113

Walklate, Sandra

, 13, 114

and mediating suffering

, 114

Waller, James

, 24–25, 37

and us them

, 37

and dehumanisation

, 37

war

, 9

the distinction between war and armed conflict

, 9

war on terror

, 13, 16, 68, 70

war-on-terror femininity

, 16, 107–133, 167, 171

wartime rape

as a by-product

, 45, 91

as opportunistic

, 25, 160

as recreational rape

, 25

as sadistic rape

, 28

as a weapon-of-war

, 25, 45, 56

war crime tribunals

, 58

Geneva conventions and the additional protocols

, 57

international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

, 57

international criminal tribunal for Rwanda

, 57

western

and discourse

, 3, 44, 160

Wilcox, Lauren

, 136–137

on biopower and biopolitics

, 137

woman-as-Jew

, 14, 21, 28, 31, 33, 35, 42

woman-as-nation

, 7, 13, 19–41, 68, 145, 164

women’s media center (WMC)

, 37, 89, 96

in relation to Bangladesh

, 37

in relation to Iraq

, 37, 96

women, peace and security (WPS)

, 4, 85