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Expert briefing
Publication date: 12 April 2023

The two countries have turned to each other amid increasing isolation from international banking systems, export markets, and foreign resources and technologies. Deepening their…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 3 March 2016

Russia's economic problems caused by the low price of oil and to a lesser extent Western sanctions are a challenge for Kazakhstan and the four other Central Asian states. In its…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 4 November 2015

Ukraine's debt.

Expert briefing
Publication date: 17 July 2023

The economy has been unexpectedly resilient under comprehensive economic sanctions imposed by the West. Russia could only provide limited support as its economy had to adjust to…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 31 January 2024

War, sanctions and a mutual desire to overturn US-led regional security orders have pushed Moscow and Tehran closer together. Moscow desires to turn what has historically been a…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 17 March 2022

The UK economy is not as directly exposed to the conflict as other European countries, but economic weakness in the EU will have knock-on effects for the United Kingdom. The…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 1 May 2019

The decision to reduce gas prices -- a gift to President-elect Volodymyr Zelensky, as it chimes with the anti-austerity messaging of his election campaign -- and not to raise…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 19 December 2022

Poland may have resolved its rule-of-law dispute with the EU, whereas part of Hungary’s ‘cohesion’ funds are frozen. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has driven a wedge between Poland…

Expert briefing
Publication date: 25 February 2022

The sanctions amount to a middle-of-the-road approach: leaders agreed to keep Russia in the SWIFT payment system and avoid targeting Russian energy exports. They will not cause…

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