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In its 2023 financial statements, the energy giant reported a loss of RUB629bn (USD7.4bn at the average exchange rate for 2023), an extraordinary reverse compared to the USD17.5bn…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB288329
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Having recently signed a raft of agreements, Turkmenistan has boosted its chances of becoming an important transit route for pan-Eurasian infrastructure projects. Ashgabat has not…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB289739
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Moscow’s influence over Belarus has grown stronger since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, when part of Russia’s invasion force entered from Belarus. The latest…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB289105
ISSN: 2633-304X
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Geographic
Topical
Russia previously viewed BRICS as a platform for cooperation with other large emerging powers but now looks to the expanded grouping to strengthen its position in the escalating…
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DOI: 10.1108/OXAN-DB287950
ISSN: 2633-304X
Keywords
Geographic
Topical
With Russia focused on Ukraine, Kazakhstan has charted a path to reduce its military and security dependency on Moscow. This is apparent in Astana's changing attitudes towards…