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This paper aims to present a research framework examining how hotel ratings can be affected by travel purposes (business vs leisure). It explores theoretical foundations, introduces hypotheses and outlines the methodology used in six studies to investigate connections between trip types, work-related factors, hotel ratings and other variables. The goal is to enhance understanding of factors influencing consumer hotel evaluations, with implications for hospitality industry service design and marketing strategies.

The study uses a multi-method approach to investigate the impact of trip type (business vs leisure) on hotel ratings. The theoretical framework is rooted in perceptual frameworks that shape the evaluation of travel experiences. The research proposes and tests several hypotheses through six studies, using diverse data sources and methods for enhanced reliability.

This study shows that business travelers consistently give lower hotel ratings than leisure travelers, with work-related concerns playing a crucial role. Consumers’ perceived lack of hospitality during a business trip diminishes work-related concerns and hotel ratings. Similarly, low empathy from hotel workers leads to reduced work concerns and lower ratings. The research provides actionable insights for hotel management to enhance services for business and leisure travelers, emphasizing the importance of addressing work-related considerations to improve overall satisfaction.

This study uniquely explores the contrasting influences of business and leisure travel on hotel evaluations, focusing on how work-related concerns mediate these relationships. By employing a comprehensive approach that includes secondary data, experiments, and sentiment analysis, it uncovers how business travelers' stressors lead to lower hotel ratings compared to leisure travelers who prioritize relaxation. The research introduces novel insights into how factors like extended stays and staff empathy can mitigate these negative effects, offering actionable recommendations for hotel management. This work enriches the hospitality literature by providing a deeper understanding of how trip types impact guest satisfaction and proposes targeted strategies to enhance service quality for different traveler segments.

本文提出了一个研究框架, 探讨酒店评分如何受旅行目的（商务与休闲）的影响。研究探讨了理论基础, 提出了假设, 并概述了六项研究中使用的方法, 以调查旅行类型、与工作相关的因素、酒店评分及其他变量之间的联系。本研究目标是加深对影响消费者酒店评价因素的理解, 对酒店行业的服务设计和营销策略具有重要意义。

研究采用多方法的路径, 探讨旅行类型（商务与休闲）对酒店评分的影响。理论框架基于感知框架, 以塑造了对旅行体验的评价。研究通过六项研究提出并测试了多个假设, 利用多种数据来源和方法以增强可靠性。

本研究表明, 商务旅客给出的酒店评分一贯低于休闲旅客, 工作相关的忧虑起着关键作用。消费者在商务旅行期间感受到的缺乏热情的款待会加重工作相关的忧虑, 降低酒店评分。同样, 酒店员工的低同理心会加剧工作忧虑, 导致评分降低。研究为酒店管理提供了可操作的见解, 以提升针对商务和休闲旅客的服务, 强调了解决工作相关考虑因素以提高整体满意度的重要性。

研究的优势在于方法多样性和样本量庞大, 增强了研究结果的可靠性和普遍性。多项研究的方法全面探讨了研究问题, 为学术界和酒店行业提供了宝贵的见解。

Objetivo-Este documento presenta un marco de investigación en el que se examina cómo las valoraciones de los hoteles pueden verse afectadas por el tipo de viaje (negocios vs. ocio). Explora los fundamentos teóricos, introduce hipótesis y esboza la metodología utilizada en seis estudios para investigar las conexiones entre los tipos de viaje, los factores relacionados con el trabajo, las valoraciones de los hoteles y otras variables. El objetivo es mejorar la comprensión de los factores que influyen en las evaluaciones hoteleras de los consumidores, con implicaciones para el diseño de servicios y las estrategias de marketing de la hostelería.

El estudio emplea un enfoque multimétodo para investigar el impacto del tipo de viaje (negocios vs. ocio) en las valoraciones de los hoteles. El marco teórico se fundamenta en los marcos de referencia sobre la percepción que conforman la evaluación de las experiencias de viaje. La investigación propone y prueba varias hipótesis a través de seis estudios, utilizando diversas fuentes de datos y métodos para mejorar la fiabilidad.

Este estudio demuestra que los viajeros de negocios dan sistemáticamente valoraciones más bajas a los hoteles que los viajeros de ocio, y que las preocupaciones relacionadas con el trabajo desempeñan un papel crucial. La falta de hospitalidad percibida por los consumidores durante un viaje de negocios disminuye las preocupaciones relacionadas con el trabajo y las valoraciones de los hoteles. Del mismo modo, la escasa empatía de los trabajadores de los hoteles hace que disminuyan las preocupaciones laborales y las valoraciones. La investigación ofrece ideas prácticas para que la dirección de los hoteles mejore los servicios a los viajeros de negocios y de ocio, haciendo hincapié en la importancia de abordar las consideraciones relacionadas con el trabajo para mejorar la satisfacción general.

La importancia de esta investigación reside en la diversidad metodológica y el amplio tamaño de la muestra, que aumentan la fiabilidad y generalizabilidad de los Resultados. El enfoque multiestudio explora de forma exhaustiva las preguntas de la investigación, proporcionando valiosas perspectivas para el mundo académico y la industria de la hostelería.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of compulsory presence of female members due to gender quota on corporate boards on firms’ credit ratings.

We investigate the impact of female directorial appointment on a firm’s credit rating using firm-level panel data in a regression framework with industry- and year-fixed effects to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Further, to address endogeneity, we employ the difference-in-differences (DiD) technique by exploiting the changes in the corporate board composition induced by the exogeneous gender quota regulation. We also employ the Oster (2019) approach to test for omitted variable bias.

In this paper, we find that the firms that appoint female members on corporate boards post-gender quota mandate (treatment firms) enjoy improved credit ratings as compared to firms that had female members on corporate boards before the gender quota mandate (control group firms) became effective. The findings are robust to alternate definitions of credit rating, treatment and post variables.

We employ an alternative econometric technique, such as Oster’s (2019) specification, to show that the involvement of female directors on corporate boards helps firms in improving firm’s credit ratings. We also identify corporate risk measured using stock return volatility and cash flow volatility as the potential channels through which female directors’ involvement on corporate boards leads to the improvement in firms’ credit ratings.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that determine the long-term readiness of UAE-listed companies to handle environmental, social and governance (ESG) related opportunities and disruptions.

In this paper, we use S&P Global Ratings' ESG evaluation to assess the long-term preparedness of UAE-listed companies in addressing ESG risks and opportunities. The score for long-term preparedness provides a forward-looking, cross-sector analysis of a company’s capacity to operate successfully in the future, based on how ESG factors may affect stakeholders and lead to material direct or indirect financial impacts. Specifically, the paper investigates the corporate governance and ownership structure factors that significantly impact the ability of UAE-listed companies to effectively prepare for and respond to long-term ESG risks and opportunities. Our final sample consists of 48 listed companies observed over the period from 2019 to 2021. We employ an ordered logit model for our estimations.

Our paper findings provide evidence that (1) firm size has a positive significant effect on ESG rating and governance rating implying that larger firms have a robust governance system and strong ability to implement ESG strategies within the organization. (2) Firm performance measured by ROE looks to be an important determinant of ESG rating, environmental rating and social rating. (3) Firm leverage has a positive and significant effect on ESG rating and environmental rating. (4) Board size has a positive effect on social rating and governance rating. (5) Government ownership has a positive and significant effect on ESG rating, environmental rating and governance rating. (6) Institutional ownership has a positive and significant effect on governance rating.

This paper has several practical implications. First, by adopting a forward-looking upstream approach that identifies the determinants of long-term ESG preparedness, it supports the efforts of UAE regulators to enforce ESG strategies among listed firms. Second, the paper provides an overview of the long-term preparedness for ESG risks and opportunities for firms listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) and Dubai Financial Market (DFM), which can aid various stakeholders in making informed decisions. Third, the findings underscore the need to strengthen corporate governance mechanisms to promote sustainable development.

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first to explore the determinants of long-term preparedness for ESG risks and opportunities among UAE-listed companies, utilizing a unique dataset to assess ESG performance. The research contributes to understanding the factors influencing firms' long-term readiness to handle ESG challenges and supports regulators' efforts to implement ESG strategies in the UAE market.

This research analyzes online consumer reviews and ratings to assess e-retail order fulfillment performance. The study aims to (1) identify consumer journey touchpoints in the order fulfillment process and (2) determine their relative importance for the consumer experience.

Text mining and analytics were employed to examine over 100 m online purchase orders, along with associated consumer reviews and ratings from Amazon US. Using natural language processing techniques, the corpus of reviews was structured to pinpoint touchpoints related to order fulfillment. Reviews were then classified according to their stance (either positive or negative) toward these touchpoints. Finally, the classes were correlated with consumer rating, measured by the number of stars, to determine the relative importance of each touchpoint.

The study reveals 12 touchpoints within the order fulfillment process, which are split into three groups: delivery, packaging and returns. These touchpoints significantly influence star ratings: positive experiences elevate them, while negative ones reduce them. The findings provide a quantifiable measure of these effects, articulated in terms of star ratings, which directly reflect the influence of experiences on consumer evaluations.

The dataset utilized in this study is from the US market, which limits the generalizability of the findings to other markets. Moreover, the novel methodology used to map and quantify customer journey touchpoints requires further refinement.

In e-retail and logistics, comprehending touchpoints in the order fulfillment process is pivotal. This understanding helps improve consumer interactions and enhance satisfaction. Such insights not only drive higher conversion rates but also guide informed managerial decisions, particularly in service development.

Drawing upon consumer-generated data, this research identifies a cohesive set of touchpoints within the order fulfillment process and quantitatively evaluates their influence on consumer experience using star ratings as a metric.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of CEO social media celebrity status on credit ratings and to determine whether potential threats on the CEO celebrity status negatively moderate the above association.

The authors collected tweets for 874 CEOs from 513 unique S&P 1500 firms. A panel data analysis was conducted on a panel with 4,235 observations from 2009 to 2020. We then tested the hypothesis with the ordinal logit model.

The empirical findings confirmed that CEO social media celebrity status is positively associated with corporate credit rating outcomes. Our path analyses revealed that CEOs with higher social media celebrity status have less incentive to conduct risk-taking behaviors and thus benefit credit ratings. When the rating agencies perceive potential threats to CEO celebrity status, including CEO myopia and CEO overconfidence, the association between CEO social media celebrity status and credit rating is weakened.

This study provides an in-depth understanding of CEO social media perception on credit ratings for firms' managers and capital market participants. Findings can help managers and firms improve their strategies for leveraging social media to release credit constraints. The debt market participants could adopt the CEO social media celebrity status and its concerned threats to setting debt contracts with an adequate price.

This is likely to be the first study that examines the effect of CEO social media celebrity status on credit ratings. The findings of this study also reveal that social media certificated celebrity CEOs tend to be capable of enhancing firm revenue and have lower risk-taking incentives, unlike mass media certificated celebrity CEOs.

This study aims to examine values derived from apps and their relationship with continual intention using reviews from the Google Play Store.

This paper delves deep into the determinants of mobile health apps’ (MHAs) value offering (functional, social, epistemic, conditional and hedonic value) using automatic content analysis and text mining of user reviews. This paper obtained data from a sample of 45,019 MHA users who have posted reviews on the Google Play Store. This paper analyzed the data using text mining, ACA and regression techniques.

The findings show that values moderate the relationship between review length and ratings. This paper found that the higher the length, the lower the ratings and vice versa. This paper also demonstrated that the novelty and perceived reliability of the app are the two most essential constructs that drive user ratings of MHAs.

This is one of the first studies, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, that derives values (functional, social, epistemic, conditional and hedonic value) using text mining and explores the relationship with user ratings.

This paper aims to examine the consistency between firms’ stakeholder-friendly responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and their environmental, social and governance (ESG) ratings. Consistent firms are those with high prior ESG ratings that actively support stakeholders during the COVID-19 crisis.

The authors use data from JUST Capital, which tracks Russell 1000 firms’ actions in response to the pandemic, to examine the relationship between pre-pandemic ESG ratings and their COVID responses towards employees, customers and communities. The authors also analyse the impact of firms’ consistency between pre-pandemic ESG ratings and stakeholder-friendly COVID responses on ESG ratings and stock returns.

This study finds that firms with higher pre-pandemic ESG ratings are more likely to support their stakeholders during the pandemic. The authors also find that firms with high ESG ratings before the pandemic experience a decline in their ESG ratings if they do not actively support their communities during the COVID-19 crisis, although insufficient employee/customer support does not impact their ESG ratings. Finally, the authors find that firms with higher pre-pandemic ESG ratings that continue to uphold their ESG commitments through community assistance during the pandemic achieve higher stock returns compared to inconsistent firms.

The results reveal gaps in how comprehensively ESG agencies assess firms’ crisis responses, highlighting areas for rating improvements. The findings contribute to sustainable development by revealing the importance of firms upholding their ESG commitments during crises to maintain stakeholder trust and drive long-term value creation.

The findings underscore the need for responsive, transparent ESG rating processes to support the integration of sustainability considerations into corporate practices and investment decisions, particularly during evolving societal expectations during crises.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate how pre-pandemic ESG ratings explain firms’ stakeholder-friendly responses during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyse the integration of these responses and pandemic risks into ESG ratings during the crisis.

The existing traditional recommendations based on content-based filtering (CBF), collaborative filtering (CF) and hybrid approaches are inadequate for recommending practice challenges in programming online judge (POJ). These systems only consider the preferences of the target users or similar users to recommend items. In the learning environment, recommender systems should consider the learning path, knowledge level and ability of the learner. Another major problem in POJ is the learners don't give ratings to practice challenges like e-commerce and video streaming portals. This purpose of the proposed approach is to overcome the abovementioned shortcomings.

To achieve the context-aware practice challenge recommendation, the data preparation techniques including implicit rating extraction, data preprocessing to remove outliers, sequence-based learner clustering and utility sequence pattern mining approaches are used in the proposed approach. The approach ensures that the recommender system considers the knowledge level, learning path and learning goals of the learner to recommend practice challenges.

Experiments on practice challenge recommendations conducted using real-world POJ dataset show that the proposed system outperforms other traditional approaches. The experiment also demonstrates that the proposed system is recommending challenges based on the learner's current context. The implicit rating extracted using the proposed approach works accurately in the recommender system.

The proposed system contains the following novel approaches to address the lack of rating and context-aware recommendations. The mathematical model was used to extract ratings from learner submissions. The statistical approach was used in data preprocessing. The sequence similarity-based learner clustering was used in transition matrix. Utilizing the rating as a utility in the USPAN algorithm provides useful insights into learner–challenge relationships.

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between corporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) ratings and leverage manipulation and the moderating effects of internal and external supervision.

The authors draw on a sample of Chinese non-financial A-share-listed firms from 2013 to 2020 to explore the effect of ESG ratings on leverage manipulation. Robustness and endogeneity tests confirm the validity of the regression results.

ESG ratings inhibit leverage manipulation by improving social reputation, information transparency and financing constraints. This effect is weakened by internal supervision, captured by the ratio of institutional investor ownership, and strengthened by external supervision, captured by the level of marketization. The effect is stronger in non-state-owned firms and firms in non-polluting industries. The governance dimension of ESG exhibits the strongest effect, with comprehensive environmental governance ratings and social governance ratings also suppressing leverage manipulation.

Firms should strive to cultivate environmental awareness, fulfil their social responsibilities and enhance internal governance, which may help to strengthen the firm’s sustainability orientation, mitigate opportunistic behaviours and ultimately contribute to high-quality firm development. The top managers of firms should exercise self-restraint and take the initiative to reduce leverage manipulation by establishing an appropriate governance structure and sustainable business operation system that incorporate environmental and social governance in addition to general governance.

Policymakers and regulators should formulate unified guidelines with comprehensive criteria to improve the scope and quality of ESG information disclosure and provide specific guidance on ESG practice for firms. Investors should incorporate ESG ratings into their investment decision framework to lower their portfolio risk.

This study contributes to the literature in four ways. Firstly, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is among the first to show that high ESG ratings may mitigate firms’ opportunistic behaviours. Secondly, it identifies the governance factor of leverage manipulation from the perspective of firms’ subjective sustainability orientation. Thirdly, it demonstrates that the relationship between ESG ratings and leverage manipulation varies with the level of internal and external supervision. Finally, it highlights the importance of governance in guaranteeing the other two dimensions’ roles by decomposing overall ESG.

This study aims to examine the impact of consumer risk appetite, biases (specifically negative recency bias), and the importance of reviews in enhancing information quality. By analyzing these variables, the authors gain insights into their role in enriching the overall information spectrum available to consumers. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how risk appetite, biases and consumer reviews shape the quality of information.

The questionnaire assessed the relationship between dependent and independent variables by asking participants to rate their experiences in relevant scenarios. Variance-based structural equation modeling with the ADANCO program was used to examine the data. ADANCO software is used explicitly for variance-based structural equation modeling. To evaluate research models and test hypotheses, partial least square path modeling is used.

The efficiency of reviews and ratings is greatly influenced by consumer risk appetite. Businesses should focus on clients who are willing to take risks and balance positive and negative feedback. It is essential to comprehend how customers understand reviews. Credibility is increased by taking biases into account and encouraging unbiased criticism. Promoting thorough reviews strengthens influence. Monitoring and making use of these elements improve online reputation and commercial success.

The research has limitations due to the simplicity of the attributes taken into account and the requirement for a larger sample size. Overcoming barriers to promote consistent client feedback is essential, and tailored emails can help with assessment generation. Increased customer participation in writing evaluations can be achieved by removing obstacles and highlighting the advantages of participation.

Businesses and buyers rely on this “organically” generated content as the basis of their promotional strategy and buying decisions. Most of the research is related to consumer reviews, their behavior and the importance of social validation. However, some critical aspects related to this need further investigation.