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I‐V characteristics of GaAs n‐i‐n structures are calculated by considering impact ionization of carriers. Impact ionization at reverse‐biased n‐i junction becomes a cause of steep current rise when an acceptor density in the i‐layer is high. It is shown that an optimum acceptor density exists to keep a good isolation. Photoconduction transients of GaAs n‐i‐n structures are also simulated, and are shown to be strongly affected by existence of n‐i junctions.

Tables are widely used to store information. It belongs to table decision making to choose the pivotal fields or partition fields into conditions and decisions to discover their causality. This paper is intended to list the basic operations to achieve the aims and to explore possible solving methods.

Methods, to some degree, means problem transformation. That is, a problem can be converted to another problem and then to be solved. This paper is developed to explore possible problem transformations surrounding the basic table decision operations.

The basic table decision operations can be converted to two different types of problems.

This paper provides formal description of the basic table decision operations and their transforming schemes so that strict mathematical proof can be used to guarantee their correctness.

This case study is intended to demonstrate how U. S. Steel sharply increased its investment in talent, seeing that such a shift would become an important business differentiator. That active “people culture” stance paid off and can now be used as an example for other organizations across multiple industries, particularly those struggling to reinvent themselves in the wake of the COVID pandemic and the Great Resignation. Emphasizing diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), action and metrics, the authors demonstrate that U. S. Steel’s human capital investment were key drivers in significant earnings growth (2017–2021); their wish is to share these lessons learned with other organizations.

Seeing that job change and attrition had reached historic levels during the Great Resignation, many companies speculated that increasing the investment in the talent of their organization would be a business differentiator. U. S. Steel was an early adopter of this mindset and in this paper shares how it implemented significant reinvestment in human capital, from hiring to employee resource groups, involvement with outside professional and diversity organizations and more. Ultimately they leveraged HR metrics, looking to retention, employee engagement and net earnings to gauge results.

Based on its robust reinvestment in human resources transformation built on inclusive practices and HR analytics, U. S. Steel achieved a quit rate of just 4% versus the overall US market quit rate of greater than 30% (Bureau of Labor Statistics). It also saw significant gains in employee engagement and other factors. Ultimately, while earnings have fluctuated throughout the transition to this strategy, leadership at the company believes that these investments have been key drivers in net earnings from $387m in 2017 to over $4.1bn in 2021.

U. S. Steel might not seem a likely organization to double down on reinvestment in talent, given that the company is 120+ years old, heavily unionized and in heavy industry. Still, that’s just what it did, realizing “moving up the talent curve” could be a key differentiator. Emphasizing DEI, action and metrics, U. S. Steel’s human capital investment paid off, ultimately being a significant part of earnings growth in four short years. Lessons learned here are certainly applicable to unionized and nonunionized heavy industry, but also are broadly applicable to nearly any industry and size organization interested in talent investment.

This study examined the level of interdependecies which existed among several major equity markets around the October 19, 1987, crash. Three different statistical techniques were utilized to analyze daily data for three months before and after the crash. All three techniques revealed that the major equity markets were more closely integrated during the post‐crash subperiod than the pre‐crash subperiod. The existence of the uni‐directional causality from the U.S. to Canada and from the U.S. to U.K. and bi‐directional causality between the U.S. and Japan during the post‐crash subperiod indicate that the U.S. market volatility contributed to the volatility in the foreign markets.

This study investigates the perceptions of Mexican and U.S. managers regarding NAFTA's implications. The results show that both groups agree on many of the issues which had shaped the public debate on NAFTA in the U.S. In particular, that NAFTA would lead to a loss of jobs in the U.S., increase jobs in Mexico, foster political stability in Mexico, and that it would have an adverse impact on the environment. However, the result also revealed a concern, only on the part of Mexican managers, regarding NAFTA's influence on culture and national identity. Implication of the results for future research is discussed.

In the paper the optimization procedure of a direct current motor with a hybrid excitation has been presented. The excitation system consists of a shunt field winding disposed around field pole and permanent magnet, both acting in parallel. The field distribution in motor for various magnet and field pole dimensions has been determined using finite element method. The flux linkage with the armature winding has been computed. Demagnetizing effect of armature current was taken into account. The optimal permanent magnet and the field pole dimensions, ensuring minimum total cost of purchase and work during assumed period of time were calculated. Motor characteristics e.g. rated torque, rated current, speed regulation limit were used as constraints. In worked up algorithm and computer program Carroll internal penalty function method was used. Some basic suggestions tor design of optimal hybrid excited dc motors with parallel permanent magnet and electromagnetic excitation are given.

It is well known that complementarity can provide bilateral bounds on energy, in numerical approximations of nonlinear magnetostatics. Questions whether like force is, up to sign, the derivative of energy, can such bounds also apply to forces, torques, and other concepts?

This is a discussion paper exploring the issues conceptually.

On the face of it, no, since inequalities are not preserved by differentiation. Yet, useful bounds can be given in some cases, as shown in the discussion, following an idea by Matagne.

The paper aids the understanding of nonlinear magnetostatic systems.

The CBS Evening News reports that foreigners now hold over one trillion, five hundred billion U.S. dollars and assets. In 1988 alone, there were 307 foreign acquisitions of U.S. companies, with a total value in excess of $55 billion. These numbers are the latest in a trend that suggests the United States is now more subject to the direction of other nations and their businesses. The country's standard of living continues to decline relative to that of our trading partners. The continued weakness of U.S. business and drop in the value of the dollar seem to be creating the “fire sale on America” that Senator Lloyd Bentsen warned of during the 1988 presidential campaign. As a nation, we are importing (buying) more than we are exporting (earning). As a consequence, we are selling U.S. business assets to finance our current consumer imports.

The collection, presentation and analysis of international and domestic tourism statistics by different countries and organisations depend on the administrative records maintained at frontiers and by accommodation establishments and other sources and surveys. The basic standard definitions and terminology (of the World Tourism Organisation and U.N. Statistical Office) are:

This paper extends previous research by reexamining the difference in cross‐sectional variability of Japanese and U.S. price‐to‐earnings (PE) ratios. A simple model is developed to decompose the variance of the PE ratio into three components: the variance of the price‐to‐book (PB) ratio, the variance of the book‐to‐earnings (BE) ratio and the covariance of the PB and BE ratios. We analyze the behavior of the cross‐sectional variability of the PE ratio and its components and compare the behavior of these ratios across the U.S. and Japanese markets. We find that the cross‐sectional variability of the PE ratio in the Japanese market is consistently lower than that of the PB ratio and the converse is true for the U.S. market. The cross‐sectional variability of PE ratios in Japan is lower than that in the U.S. and the converse is true for the PB ratio. Our results are inconsistent with those reported by Bildersee et al. and indicate that the main factor causing the differences between the cross‐sectional variability of PE ratios and PB ratios is the high negative covariance of the PB and BE ratios.