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This is a very complete review of the research work carried out on the very important subject of E.P. Lubricants. In this work Dr. Davey has himself taken a very prominent part. No one is therefore more capable of preparing this very valuable contribution than he.

EXTREME PRESSURE OR EXTREME TEMPERATURE LUBRICANTS have been developed for two main fields—the lubrication of hypoid gears and as lubricants in metal working and it is of some interest to see how this development has occurred. Musgrave, in a most comprehensive paper on the Development and Lubrication of the Automotive Hypoid Gearf defined a hypoid as “a special form of spiral bevel gear in which the pinion axis is offset from the axis of the ring gear” and he pointed out that such gears had the advantages of quietness in operation, particularly at high speeds, greater tooth strength capacity, greater dependability and were more economic to produce as well as allowing lower body designs than spiral bevel or worm gears.

IT has been shown that compounds containing reactive chlorine atoms, and in particular those possessing a Cl3C‐ group, show marked E.P. activity when blended in mineral oil. Bromine compounds have been shown to be superior in E.P. activity to analogous chlorine compounds. Tribrom‐thioacetals, analogous to the trichlor‐compounds already described, have been prepared and found to possess good E.P. activity when blended in mineral oil. Such compounds show E.P. properties of a similar order to those shown by the trichlor‐compounds, but are more expensive to prepare and are less stable than their chlorine analogues, undergoing decomposition if impure or on keeping for long periods or on excessive heating.

SCIENTIFIC lubrication is concerned with the effective reduction of friction and the efficient running of machinery and since this subject affects everyone to a greater or lesser extent it is highly desirable that some knowledge of the principles and practice of lubrication should be available to all. Since machinery is likely to play an even greater part in our lives in the future the need for knowledge of scientific lubrication is urgent and, with this in mind, a survey of education in relation to lubrication should prove valuable in assessing the present and future needs, and in finding the best ways of satisfying them. In such a survey the following five groups of people are involved :—

IN a previous article (Ref. 1, 1966), Chichester‐Miles of H.S.A. discussed some of the advantages and opportunities offered by the use of V.T.O.L. aircraft in short haul air transport. In a more recent article (Ref. 2, 1969), Boorer and Davey of B.A.C. reviewed the characteristics and some of the operational problems of V/S.T.O.L. aircraft, and argued in favour of initial civil S.T.O.L. aircraft leading to V.T.O.L. developments as an effective part of the overall ground and air transport system of the 1970s, on the basis of a foreseeable market demand for such aircraft at ranges between 50 and 300 miles. Quoting from their conclusions: ‘S.T.O.L. commercial operations appear therefore to be just around the corner. V.T.O.L. commercial operations may be a decade or so away but, as and when a S.T.O.L. inter‐city transport system develops, the improvement of S.T.O.L. performance toward V.T.O.L. may well become attractive and perhaps even necessary.’

POLYMERS are mixtures of compounds of similar chemical composition and of high molecular weights. Naturally occurring products such as rubber, cellulose, proteins and shellac, extracted materials such as asphaltic bitumens, and synthetic products, produced by a polymerisation process, are all included under this heading.

Action learning is intended to enable a group of professionals (a SET) to tackle work problems, develop solutions and reflect upon the success and failure of their actions. As part of the UK construction industry's drive to improve learning and performance, four SETs of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) were established. This paper evaluates the capacity of action learning to promote innovation and use of technologies within a CIOB‐funded SET located in Watford. Construction companies were unable to address real problems related to their day‐to‐day activities due to competition. Instead, they identified an industry‐wide issue – a lack of quality recruits – and marshalled resources to provide better careers advice and promote opportunities for builders. The role of action learning in empowering construction SMEs to contribute to industry change programmes is explored.

Silver‐glass die attach materials represent a significant advance in silicon packaging technology and are expected to displace gold‐silicon eutectic bonding as the preferred method of die attachment for high reliability applications. In this paper the rle of the glass in the adhesion mechanism of silver‐glass to gold and chromium/gold backed die has been determined using thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction in addition to scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis of the sintered film. An adhesion mechanism is proposed in which the glass of the silver‐glass system migrates to the die interface during the firing cycle and chemically bonds to the silicon which is present at the surface of the gold‐silicon eutectic. Adhesion between the die back and the silver of the die attach material is by means of a simple mechanical bond between ‘fingers’ of glass and the sintered silver matrix. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations suggest that insufficient silicon dioxide may be formed using chromium/gold backed die for acceptable adhesion. Processing changes are proposed which resolve this adhesion problem.

The science of lubrication has developed slowly from the earliest use of oils and fats of animal or plant origin, such as tallow and castor oil, to the modern design of lubricants for a specific purpose. The slow evolution of scientific lubrication has been due in part to the complicated nature of lubrication and lubricants, and also to the need to concentrate on the development of lubricants to satisfy the requirements of new and improved mechanisms. Research into the nature of lubrication and the relation between composition and properties of lubricants has been limited by the production demands for more and better lubricants.

It is widely acknowledged that the computer has caused great societal changes over recent years, but the purpose of this paper is to relate specifically to those due to the use of computers in education and teaching about computing. The adoption and use of computers in education was very much a socio-technical process with influence from people, organisations, processes and technologies: of a variety of human and non-human actors.

This paper makes use of actor-network theory to analyse these events and their educational and societal impact. Data were collected from published sources, interviews with those involved at the time, discussions and from personal experience and observations.

Computers have, of course, had a huge impact on society, but particularly in relation to the use of computers in school education there was a different societal impact. Some of this related directly to education, some to school administration and some to student attitudes, experiences and knowledge.

The paper investigates the development of early courses in computing in universities and schools in Victoria, Australia. The paper does not, however, consider the use of computers in university research, only in education.

The paper describes the significant educational events of the era from punch-card tabulating machines in the 1930s to micro-computers in the late 1980s, and investigates the relationship between the development of courses in the Universities and those in the more vocationally oriented Colleges of Advanced Education. It examines whether one followed from the other. It also investigates the extent of the influence of the universities and CAEs on school computing.

The advent of the computer made a significant impact on university and school education even before the internet, Google, Wikipedia and smart phones in the late 1990s and 2000s. Computers in schools cause a rethink of how teaching should be handled and of the role of the teacher.

This paper investigates the history of computers and education in both universities and schools in Victoria, Australia over the period from the 1930s to the early 1990s. It considers how and why this technological adoption occurred, and the nature of the resulting educational and societal change this produced. Primary and High School use of computers did not commence until the 1970s but prior to this there is a considerable and interesting history associated with the development of Higher Education courses relating to computing.