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THE annual production of nickel is small in comparison with that of the common industrial metals, iron and steel, copper, lead, zinc and aluminium, but it is a metal of first class engineering importance because it is mainly used in the form of relatively small additions which have a pronounced influence on the properties of other metals, or in the manufacture of alloys with rather unique properties. Thus nickel finds its way into many branches of the metallurgical industry and the alloys in which it is present have numerous uses in most branches of engineering.

The Arado method of construction was evolved with the following objects in view: (1) Manufacture of a shell type fuselage with double curvature by a method avoiding panel beater work while obtaining an accurate adherence to given contour lines. (2) Use of normal tools without any special fittings. (3) Standard parts which can be used for several types of fuselages. (4)Adaptability to machine riveting or to electrical spot welding. (5) Use of strip material for the shell skin‐planking.

EVER since the beginning of aircraft construction sheet metal fittings have been made by means of oxy‐acetylene welding; usually in the form of fittings connecting parts of plywood fuselages or of wooden wings. Later, strut fittings followed in which U‐shaped sheets or flanges were welded to tubes. Control‐gear parts were made from tubes, bushes and sheet webs. Afterwards, whole fuselages and control components, such as tail plane structures and elevators, became welded tubular structures. All attachments required for engines, undercarriages, wings and installed components were welded up, according to the design practice preferred.

THE organization of the German aircraft industry has been set up around 5 main companies: Junkers, Heinkel, Dornier, Messerschmitt (the former Bayerische Flugzeugwerke), and Focke‐Wulf. All the other companies, with the exception of the Government‐owned Arado works, have been founded as “shadow” factories for those five—that some of them have taken up the development of their own types does not alter the fact that that is their main task.

IT is four years since we published a review of the S.B.A.C. Display. The omission has been due to several causes, among which may be mentioned our feeling that the event was fully covered at the time by our weekly contemporaries whereas our account could not perforce appear till a month later, by which time it might be felt to have become a matter of history rather than topicality.

Drawing upon Alfred Sohn-Rethel's work, we argue that, just as capitalism produces abstract labor, it coproduces both abstract mind and abstract life. Abstract mind is the split between mind and nature and between subject/observer and observed object that characterizes scientific epistemology. Abstract mind reflects an abstracted objectified world of nature as a means to be exploited. Biological life is rendered as abstract life by capitalist exploitation and by the reification and technologization of organisms by contemporary technoscience. What Alberto Toscano has called “the culture of abstraction” imposes market rationality onto nature and the living world, disrupting biotic communities and transforming organisms into what Finn Bowring calls “functional bio-machines.”

Organisation theorists have consistently neglected considerations of societal and historical context in studies of power in organisations and this has resulted in incomplete and misconceived theories. This paper is concerned with an issue with which personnel managers often feel very personally involved, viz. the perceived erosion of managerial authority. In particular, the focus here is upon illuminating the confusions and assumptions inherent in the way in which managers in an industrial hierarchical organisation ‘structure’ their world as one in which managerial authority is continually being eroded and undermined. The paper, in examining the derivation of such ‘common sense’ assumptions, gives insights, from a radical perspective, into some of the misconceptions of power in organisations.

This piece takes issue with the deployment of Trotsky’s idea of uneven and combined development (UCD) in the Anglophone discipline of International Relations (IR). It argues that this strand of thought makes a theory out of what is really a theorem (a deduction from an axiom), whilst forgetting about the original, actual theory of which it was part, Leon Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution. IR U&CD, marketed in the discipline as International Historical Sociology (IHS), posits ‘the international’ as the field to which ‘the theory’ must be applied in order to open it up to social theorisation. This is analogous to the late-19th-century subjective turn in social science in which reality is presented as unfathomable, and rationality is merely subjective, an attribute of individual ‘actors’. ‘The international’ in this sense may be compared to ‘the market’ in neoclassical economics. Although it presents itself as Marxist, the U&CD/IHS project was part of a regressive conjuncture in Anglo-American, mainstream IR, as transpires from its attempt to position itself close to the ‘English School’ in IR. I conclude with a variation on Trotsky’s original theory, applying it to the ‘permanent counterrevolution’, of which the current war on terror is the latest stage.

This chapter explores the domestication of Marx's critique of political economy within Marxist-oriented environmental sociology, and treadmill of production (ToP) theory, in particular. The aim is to explicate the theoretical resources for a rigorous critique of capital-induced planetary degradation. Shortcomings of ToP theory pertaining to the conceptualization of capital and value are identified. The reasons for these shortcomings, including how they might be addressed, are elaborated by reconsidering key aspects of Marx's critical theory of modern capitalist society. The chapter contributes to current discussions in both critical theory and environmental sociology by demonstrating the continued relevance of Marx's critical theory for understanding the political-economic, social, and ideational dimensions of planetary degradation. In contrast to ToP theory, which critically examines the production of wealth by counterposing finitude and limits against the expansionary tendencies of economic growth, the critical theory approach advanced in this chapter conceptualizes the acceleration of environmental degradation following World War II in terms of a ToP of value, whereby the necessity of the value form is continuously established in the present. The chapter discusses how Marxian critical theory facilitates a critical examination of the widespread growth of environmentalism as concomitant with the spread of neoliberal capitalism.