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THE modern aeroplane, while tending to become simpler in general form with every new design, presents ever‐growing difficulties to the drawing office. The accurate establishment of the shape of the aeroplane is by no means the least of these difficulties. Whereas the shape of most aeroplanes built up to 1935 was bounded by a series of flat and simply curved planes, the modern aircraft shape is virtually one plane of a fairly complex nature. Hitherto, most designers have been content to have the complex curves of the aircraft shape made by hand, assisted by several experienced eyes. The logical development of this method has been, in the case of several of the larger manufacturers, the establishment of a mould loft, whose principal duty is to make a full size drawing of the aircraft and from this drawing to establish the shape of all parts of the aircraft exterior and their location relative to some datum line or lines.

THE Hellcat (U.S. Navy designation F6F) is typical of the aerodynamic design of most Grumman types. Although it is an entirely new aeroplane it bears a striking likeness to the earlier Wildcat (Martlet). It has the same square wing tips and rudder, while the general form of the fuselage is very similar indeed.

DEAR SIR, We were pleased to notice the reference to Air Refuelling in the article entitled ‘Assisted Take‐off in Relation to Transport Aeroplanes’, by L. L. Th. Huls, v.i. in your December, 1946 issue, and would like to amplify his comments in certain respects.

A bay configuration arranged along a central spine and served by an automated monorail material‐handling system are common designs for the layout and material‐handling system in new semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities. Investigates the facility design problem in semiconductor fabrication facilities and proposes a procedure to determine the optimal spine layout design, given a design of the material‐handling system. Explains and tests the procedure to demonstrate the use of the model for solving semiconductor facility design problems. The procedure is applicable for the important semicondutor industry as well as in other facilities that use a central spine layout configuration.

The purpose of this paper is to describe, illustrate and provide a deeper understanding of team composition and labor allocation in audit teams by quantifying the exact value of resources at different levels of the audit production. Audit teams have been considered as a black box in audit research. Therefore, this paper reports descriptive statistics on (levels and proportions of) hours and costs allocated to auditor ranks (and the number and value, i.e. billing rates, of auditors for different ranks and the entire team) to shed new light on audit teams.

This study uses a proprietary data set containing disaggregated information on hours, costs and billing rates for each team member in each of 908 audit engagements. The data are provided by a Swedish Big 4 audit firm. The study uses a purely descriptive approach and categorizes auditors into seven ranks. As size and the publicly listed status are crucial determinants of audit production, the paper splits engagements in public and private companies and reports statistics for size quartiles of both public and private clients.

The paper provides descriptive statistics for (1) client size, (2) audit team members, (3) audit hours, (4) audit costs, (5) proportion of audit hours, (6) proportion of audit costs, (7) billing rates and (8) variation of billing rates. Results show that compared to private clients, the audit firm allocates higher effort from auditors in higher ranks and lower effort from auditors in lower ranks to public clients. Another finding is that allocation varies with client size for private clients, but less so for public clients.

In an area with sparse literature, this descriptive study serves as a first step to improve our understanding and guide future research. It provides concrete support for previously known theory.

This paper provides a quantitative review of the literature on the repercussions of idiosyncratic information on firms’ cost of equity (CoE) capital. In total, I review the results of 113 unique studies examining the CoE effects of information Quantity, Precision and Asymmetry. My results suggest that the association between firm-specific information and CoE is subject to moderate effects. First, the link between Quantity and CoE is moderated by disclosure types and country-level factors in that firms in comparatively weakly regulated countries tend to enjoy up to four times greater CoE benefits from more expansive disclosure—depending on the type of disclosure—than firms in strongly regulated markets. Second, a negative relationship between Precision and CoE is only significant in studies using non-accrual quality proxies for Precision and risk factor-based (RFB)/valuation model-based (VMB) proxies for CoE. Third, almost all VMB studies confirm the positive association between Asymmetry and CoE, but there is notable variation in the conclusions reached when ex post CoE measurers are used.

In this chapter, we discuss teaching physical education to Black male students in urban schools. We present a brief account of the history and status of physical education and specifically examine school physical education, particularly for Black male students in urban geographical contexts. We also offer strategies to counter the narrative of Black male school failure and present strategies for addressing the needs of urban teachers and Black male students.