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Audio-visual translation (AVT) is recognized as the most vibrant type of translation. While AVT plays a vital function in the field of translation, its significance within cultural studies hasn’t been thoroughly investigated. This research aims to uncover the predominant techniques employed in translating idiomatic expressions found in subtitled movies from English to Arabic.

The corpus utilized in the current study consisted of five movies. The dialog in the chosen English films was examined to identify idiomatic expressions. The occurrence and proportion of each approach employed in translating English idioms into Arabic were calculated.

The findings of this investigation unveiled that the most common technique employed by translators to render idioms was retaining both similar meaning and similar form. The second approach involved maintaining a similar meaning while altering the form. The third method involved paraphrasing for translation. The fourth strategy was compensation-based translation. When dealing with verb and object idioms as well as similes, the predominant techniques were retaining both similar meaning and similar form, followed by a similar meaning but different form approach. Compound idioms were translated using paraphrasing, similar meaning but different form and similar meaning but different form strategies.

The research was constrained to examining the utilization of subtitles for the translation of five films. The films and corresponding Arabic subtitles were obtained and saved in plain text formats. Solely idiomatic expressions were scrutinized to determine the translation approaches employed through the use of subtitles.

The paper aims to enhance Arabic machine translation (MT) by proposing novel approaches: (1) a dimensionality reduction technique for word embeddings tailored for Arabic text, optimizing efficiency while retaining semantic information; (2) a comprehensive comparison of meta-embedding techniques to improve translation quality; and (3) a method leveraging self-attention and Gated CNNs to capture token dependencies, including temporal and hierarchical features within sentences, and interactions between different embedding types. These approaches collectively aim to enhance translation quality by combining different embedding schemes and leveraging advanced modeling techniques.

Recent works on MT in general and Arabic MT in particular often pick one type of word embedding model. In this paper, we present a novel approach to enhance Arabic MT by addressing three key aspects. Firstly, we propose a new dimensionality reduction technique for word embeddings, specifically tailored for Arabic text. This technique optimizes the efficiency of embeddings while retaining their semantic information. Secondly, we conduct an extensive comparison of different meta-embedding techniques, exploring the combination of static and contextual embeddings. Through this analysis, we identify the most effective approach to improve translation quality. Lastly, we introduce a novel method that leverages self-attention and Gated convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to capture token dependencies, including temporal and hierarchical features within sentences, as well as interactions between different types of embeddings. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach in significantly enhancing Arabic MT performance. It outperforms baseline models with a BLEU score increase of 2 points and achieves superior results compared to state-of-the-art approaches, with an average improvement of 4.6 points across all evaluation metrics.

The proposed approaches significantly enhance Arabic MT performance. The dimensionality reduction technique improves the efficiency of word embeddings while preserving semantic information. Comprehensive comparison identifies effective meta-embedding techniques, with the contextualized dynamic meta-embeddings (CDME) model showcasing competitive results. Integration of Gated CNNs with the transformer model surpasses baseline performance, leveraging both architectures' strengths. Overall, these findings demonstrate substantial improvements in translation quality, with a BLEU score increase of 2 points and an average improvement of 4.6 points across all evaluation metrics, outperforming state-of-the-art approaches.

The paper’s originality lies in its departure from simply fine-tuning the transformer model for a specific task. Instead, it introduces modifications to the internal architecture of the transformer, integrating Gated CNNs to enhance translation performance. This departure from traditional fine-tuning approaches demonstrates a novel perspective on model enhancement, offering unique insights into improving translation quality without solely relying on pre-existing architectures. The originality in dimensionality reduction lies in the tailored approach for Arabic text. While dimensionality reduction techniques are not new, the paper introduces a specific method optimized for Arabic word embeddings. By employing independent component analysis (ICA) and a post-processing method, the paper effectively reduces the dimensionality of word embeddings while preserving semantic information which has not been investigated before especially for MT task.

The primary objective of this research paper was to examine the objectivity of the preselected items evaluation (PIE) method, a prevalent translation scoring method deployed by international institutions such as UAntwerpen, UGent and the University of Granada.

This research critically analyzed the scientific and theoretical bottlenecks associated with the PIE method, specifically focusing on its parameters, namely the p-value and d-index, in adherence to established statistical protocols. Proposed remedies to mitigate the identified bottlenecks and augment the efficacy of the method were grounded in practicality.

The paper provided an extensive overview of the PIE method, which served as the foundation for the subsequent analysis and discussions. This research presented potential avenues for refinement and contributed to the current debate on objective translation assessment by addressing the theoretical and practical challenges associated with the PIE method.

Translation researchers, practitioners and international institutions seeking to enhance the accuracy and reliability of translation evaluation should consider the implications of this research’s findings.

Although several publications focused on the role of the PIE method in translation evaluation, no study(ies) is available to critically analyze the scientific and theoretical bottlenecks of this translation evaluation method.

Drawing on the politeness theory, this study explored the dubbing of English children's cartoons into Modern Standard Arabic, focusing on negative face speech acts such as compliments, suggestions, rejections, and suggestions in rejections.

Through quantitative and qualitative comparative analyses, this study investigated the influence of cultural differences on the selection of dubbing strategies, analyzed the politeness strategies employed in dubbing, and examined the maintenance of pragmatic equivalence in translated speech acts. Data were collected from the cartoon series “The Loud House” from popular digital platforms Shahid and Netflix, chosen for their regional (the Arab world) and global popularity, respectively.

The findings revealed shifts and adaptations in the dubbing process influenced by linguistic and cultural factors, particularly emphasizing social norms and power dynamics (e.g. respect for elders) prevalent in the Arab culture. Translators strategically employed politeness strategies, such as off-record and bald on-record strategies, to ensure cultural appropriateness and maintain the integrity of familial relationships depicted in the content. The comparative analysis of translators' approaches on Shahid and Netflix platforms highlights significant differences in the translation of negative face-threatening act scenarios. Netflix shows a tendency to adjust politeness pragmatic levels to better suit the preferences of the target audience, indicating a proactive effort to enhance viewer engagement through effective translation strategies. In contrast, Shahid adopts a more conservative approach, maintaining a consistent politeness level in its translations, which aligns closely with cultural norms and expectations. This comparative analysis underscores the divergent translation strategies employed by the two platforms, with Netflix prioritizing adaptation to audience preferences and Shahid favoring preservation of established politeness levels. The cultural social factors that influenced the translation and adaptation of face threatening acts can be grasped by considering elements such as social distance, power dynamics, and relative imposition. In Arabic culture, these factors play a crucial role in determining the social dynamics and interactions between individuals. The observed patterns of shifts and adaptations in the translation of face threatening acts on Shahid and Netflix reflect the nature of stratified Arabic societies where communal relationships are defined by factors like family ties, elder-younger dynamics, and friendships. These cultural factors shape the social norms and expectations surrounding face threatening acts, which, in turn, influence the translation choices made on these platforms.

The study has several limitations that need acknowledgment. Firstly, the sample size was limited, focusing on the dubbing of only two versions of an animated series and four seasons, comparing translations across two platforms. Additionally, there were challenges related to the accessibility and availability of data, with limited information about the translators involved in the dubbing process. Furthermore, the study's focus on specific types of translations may have overlooked other important factors influencing translation practices. Lastly, regional variations in translation practices within the Arab world were not considered. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insights into translation practices in animated series on Shahid and Netflix platforms, highlighting the need for future research to address these limitations and provide a more comprehensive understanding of translation practices in the Arab world.

The findings of this study have significant practical implications for a wide range of stakeholders, including translators, educators, textbook writers, and even non-specialists. For translators, especially those working in the field of audiovisual translation, understanding the nuances of politeness strategies and their application in different cultural contexts is essential. The findings suggest that translators should be sensitive to cultural and social factors when translating negative face-threatening act scenarios in cartoons. By making strategic decisions to adapt translations to align with audience preferences while still preserving cultural appropriateness, translators can enhance viewer engagement and ensure that the translated content resonates effectively with the target audience. Educators and textbook writers can also benefit from these findings by incorporating insights into politeness theory and cross-cultural communication into their curriculum and materials. By teaching students about the importance of politeness strategies in translation and providing them with practical examples and exercises, educators can help prepare the next generation of translators to navigate complex linguistic and cultural challenges in their work. Additionally, non-specialists, such as viewers of translated content, can gain a better understanding of the intricacies involved in translation and the impact of cultural factors on communication. By being aware of these issues, non-specialists can become more discerning consumers of translated media and appreciate the skill and artistry involved in the translation process.

This study underscores the cultural competence and sensitivity of Arab translators in navigating linguistic and social dynamics, contributing to the creation of culturally resonant and entertaining content for young Arabic-speaking audiences.

English as a foreign langauge (EFL) students find it difficult to apply the theoretical knowledge they acquire on translation in the practical world. Therefore, this study explored if training in pretranslation techniques (PTTs) (syntactic parsing) as suggested by Almanna (2018) could improve the translation proficiency of Yemeni EFL students. Moreover, the study also assessed which of the PTTs the intervention helped to develop.

The study adopted a primarily experimental pre- and posttests research design, and the sample comprised of an intake class with 16 students enrolled in the fourth year, Bachelor in Education (B.Ed), Hadhramout University. Six participants were also interviewed to gather the students' perceptions on using PTTs.

Results showed that students' performance in translation developed significantly (Sig. = 0.002). All the six PTTs showed development, though subject, tense and aspect developed more significantly (Sig. = 0.034, 0.002, 0.001 respectively). Finally, the study reported students' positive perceptions on the importance of using PTTs before doing any translation tasks.

One of the recurrent errors that can be noticed in Yemeni EFL students' production is their inability to transfer the grammatical elements of sentences from L1 (Arabic) into L2 (English) or the visa versa. The researchers thought though translation is more than the syntactic transmission of one language into another, analyzing the elements of sentences using syntactic and semantic parsing can help students to produce acceptable texts in the target language. These claims would be proved or refuted after analyzing the experiment result of the present study.

This study explores how street-level professionals translate and implement a co-production strategy, formulated by top management, in their professional practices, focusing on conflicts that arise during this process and the effectiveness of the coping strategies employed by these professionals to manage them.

This paper is based on a lower-level inquiry into three care services in Denmark. It adopted the translation perspective in organizational research to analyze the consequences of street-level professionals' translation choices. Data were collected through interviews and observations.

This study found that street-level professionals' translation choices contribute to conflicts of varying forms and extents. The finding suggests that the way conflicts are managed makes the difference between the actual organizational change and the more symbolic acceptance of co-production.

This study contributes to discourses on challenges in co-production implementation by deepening knowledge about the role of coping behavior and translation in sustainable implementation of co-production.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of greater reporting prominence of translation results following Accounting Standard Update (ASU) 2011-05 on net investment (NI) hedging practice. The authors investigate the role of increased transparency on the decision to engage in NI hedging (participation), the degree of NI hedging (level) and the hedging vehicle choice.

This paper uses the Heckman two-stage procedure (Heckman, 1979) in the hedging choice analysis. In the first stage, the authors model the participation decision as a function of reporting transparency, translation results and other control variables. In the second stage, the authors include the Inverse Mills ratio from the first stage Probit to examine both the level and vehicle choice decisions.

When translation is reported more prominently, the authors find an increase in the level of NI hedging and a greater likelihood of debt as the hedging vehicle, but no evidence firms are more likely to hedge. Regardless of where translation results are reported, firms facing ongoing translation losses are more likely to hedge.

This paper examines S&P 500 firms in the years surrounding the effective date of ASU 2011-05. The findings suggest managers respond to the increase in reporting transparency by increasing hedging for long-term risk management purposes, supporting accounting authorities’ efforts to promote other comprehensive income information transparency. The results should hold for comparable firms with similar currency exposure, size and visibility, but may not apply to smaller firms with limited translation exposure. As only about a quarter of firms with translation exposure engage in NI hedging, the primary results are based on a relatively limited number of firms.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that examines NI hedging behavior changes following ASU-2011-05. Second, the authors are the first to explore why firms are almost equally split between derivatives and debt as their exclusive hedging vehicle.

Technical advantages embraced by blockchain, such as distributed ledger, P2P networks, consensus mechanisms and smart contracts, are highly compatible with addressing the security issues of transferring and storing judicial documents and obtaining the feedback and evaluation of judicial translation services in cases with foreign elements. Therefore, based on this, a consortium blockchain-based model for supervising the overall process of judicial translation services in cases with foreign elements is proposed.

Some judicial documents are required to be translated when there are language barriers in cases with foreign elements. The purpose of this paper is expected to address security issues, which is ignored, in the process of translating judicial documents.

The experimental results show that the model constructed in this paper can effectively guarantee the security and privacy of transferring and storing translated judicial documents in cases with foreign elements, and realize the credibility and traceability of feedbacks and evaluations of judicial translation services. In addition, the underlying network communications is stable and the speed for processing data can meet the requirements of practical application.

The research in this paper provides an innovative scheme for judicial translation services in cases with foreign elements. The model constructed is conducive to protecting the security of the transfer and storage of judicial documents and improving the efficiency and modernization ability of hearing cases with foreign elements.