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This paper aims to analyze the current state of tourism in Sri Lanka and make practical suggestions for the future.

The paper is written in the context of a strategic question: “how might post-war Sri Lanka develop inbound tourism?” An analytical approach is taken to discuss potential growth of tourism in Sri Lanka from 2013 to 2016.

26 years of war affected tourism in Sri Lanka negatively and a dramatic turnaround came when the war ended in 2009. In 2012 most tourist generating countries indicated significant growth. In 2012 Sri Lanka passed two milestones in its tourism history by emerging as a “Million Tourist Destination” and a “Billion Dollar Export Income Earner”. However, from 1,005,605 tourists in 2012, the number who utilized tourist services and facilities is established as 725,000. Sri Lanka is now aiming to attract 2.5 million tourists by 2016. The paper debates that this target is not realistic.

To further develop tourism, Sri Lanka must develop a practical plan with realistic targets. In conclusion, the authors suggest a ten-point plan.

This paper aims to learn from the present and plan for the future. A former Marketing Director of the national tourism authority of Sri Lanka joined hands with an international hospitality and tourism educator to co-write this paper to advocate for a practical approach in forecasting realistic targets for tourism growth in Sri Lanka.

This paper aims to analyse the current state of tourism in Sri Lanka and make practical suggestions for a shared vision.

The paper is written in the context of a strategic question: “how might post-war Sri Lanka develop inbound tourism?” An analytical approach is taken to discuss the practicality of the tourist arrival target of 2.5 million tourists to Sri Lanka by 2016.

Achieving the 2.5 million tourist arrival target in 2016 is not realistic and should be revised to a more manageable two million target. Macro level changes since the end of the war in 2009 should be taken into consideration in preparing a new master plan. Assuming that continuous peace will be there for a long time, is simply not sufficient. Rebuilding the social economic foundation of the society has to be faster and must be the top agenda point for Sri Lanka. This is an essential ingredient for long lasting peace and a healthy and sustainably developed tourism industry in the future.

Addressing six key challenges and incorporating six key strategies identified in this paper should be helpful in developing a new master plan. Debating with and getting inputs from all major stakeholders of the tourism industry is recommended to ensure sustainable tourism development.

This paper provides thought-provoking practical tips from three well-experienced leaders of tourism industry, hotel industry and hospitality education.

This study explores the pioneering approach of utilising machine learning (ML) models and integrating social media data for predicting tourist arrivals in Sri Lanka.

Two sets of experiments are performed in this research. First, the predictive accuracy of three ML models, support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF) and artificial neural network (ANN), is compared against the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model using historical tourist arrivals as features. Subsequently, the impact of incorporating social media data from TripAdvisor and Google Trends as additional features is investigated.

The findings reveal that the ML models generally outperform the SARIMA model, particularly from 2019 to 2021, when several unexpected events occurred in Sri Lanka. When integrating social media data, the RF model performs significantly better during most years, whereas the SVR model does not exhibit significant improvement. Although adding social media data to the ANN model does not yield superior forecasts, it exhibits proficiency in capturing data trends.

The findings offer substantial implications for the industry's growth and resilience, allowing stakeholders to make accurate data-driven decisions to navigate the unpredictable dynamics of Sri Lanka's tourism sector.

This study presents the first exploration of ML models and the integration of social media data for forecasting Sri Lankan tourist arrivals, contributing to the advancement of research in this domain.

This paper aims to present practical answers to the strategic question: “How might post-war Sri Lanka develop inbound tourism?” It attempts to capture the essence of contributions by 12 experts on aspects on tourism of Sri Lanka, for the Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) issue on Sri Lanka in 2013.

Having analyzed the key findings and recommendations made in eight preceding papers on the same theme issue, the author integrates innovative suggestions in order to provide a succinct response to the strategic question.

While providing an overview of the key trends and challenges of tourism in post-war Sri Lanka, this paper proposes innovative solutions to those challenges. At the end of the paper 11 final concluding suggestions which have incorporated 71 suggestions from other sections of this paper are made to all policy makers and stakeholders of tourism industry of Sri Lanka. Based on relevant discussions, conclusions, suggested innovative solutions and assumptions, the paper provides a helicopter view of the potential for future tourism development in Sri Lanka up to the year 2026.

This paper provides fresh perspectives on many relevant issues by analyzing inputs, viewpoints, comments, and suggestions from subject experts. These inputs make this paper valuable to the readers. Industry professionals, consultants, researchers, academics and students with interests in tourism in Sri Lanka or similar tourism destinations around the world would benefit from this paper.

This paper aims to document the views of a Sri Lankan hotelier/tourism educator on the essential ingredients needed to ensure the future success of tourism in Sri Lanka.

The paper is based on an interview covering eight questions in the context of a strategic overall question: “how might post-war Sri Lanka develop inbound tourism?”

Sri Lanka celebrates two milestones in 2012 – reaching one million tourists and US$ one billion annual income level from tourism. However, it is evident that the key to the future success of tourism in Sri Lanka is simply a “balancing act”. Various important aspects and initiatives should be carefully and strategically balanced now and in the long run so as to ensure that future tourism targets can be attained in a sustainable manner. In conclusion, 12 suggestions are made to reflect where balancing is most needed.

Tourism in Sri Lanka has the potential to emerge as a major export income earner. To further develop tourism, Sri Lanka must balance identified and important aspects and then find innovative and practical solutions.

An international hospitality and tourism educator and a Sri Lankan journalist collaborate in writing this question and answer style paper. The approach taken should be of interest and use to all stakeholders of tourism in Sri Lanka.

The World Islamic Tourism Mart in Malaysia has been attracting Muslim tourists from all over the world to choose Malaysia as their Islamic tourism destination. This paper aims to implement the concept of the travel career ladder (TCL) with the main purpose of the antecedents of travel motivation toward Malaysia for Islamic tourism destination (MMITD).

The theoretical model was tested using the structural equation modeling technique with partial least squares. A self-administered questionnaire was designed, distributed and collected from 180 effective participants who had visited Malaysia.

The findings revealed that the Islamic compliance with self-esteem needs, the Islamic compliance with relationship needs and the Islamic compliance with physiological needs have significant effects on Malaysia My Islamic tourism destination.

The scope of this research paper is limited to TCL including the Islamic compliance issues with self-fulfillment, self-esteem, relationship, safety and physiological needs. A small sample size was obtained with participants from the Muslim countries. A future study should be comprehensively conducted on larger and diverse sampling methods with participants from the Muslim and the non-Muslim major countries, as this paper particularly discusses the theoretical and managerial implications for the anticipated future studies.

The study yet attempts on the part of academicians in Malaysia, what travel motivational factors influence Islamic tourists to travel MMITD. Based on the previous literature and researcher’s experience, it is a new phenomenon and investigation on MMITD.

Bali’s tourism sector has seen a dramatic expansion over the past two decades, despite temporary security concerns following the 2002 and 2005 terrorist attacks. The growing influx of foreign and domestic tourists has put increasing strain on the island’s natural resources, including its freshwater sources and marine environment. This review chapter addresses conflicts within the tourism–environment–security nexus as a consequence of the increasing resource scarcity associated with the unfettered growth of tourism. This involves a fundamental conflict between economic growth and environmental preservation and – more specifically – between the promotion of the tourism industry and the protection of traditional wet-rice agriculture and cultural heritage. The ongoing transformations of Bali’s communal water management (subak) system and the threat to coastal and marine environments by the controversial Benoa Bay Reclamation Project are particularly highlighted. The authors explore conflicting views over the value of natural resources through a discussion of different approaches to achieving a balance between economic, ecological and socio-cultural goals. This includes investigation of rights-based and polycentric approaches to resource governance as well as attempts to foster qualitative growth through the promotion of ecotourism and other niche markets.

This study aims to present a holistic synopsis of the current scientific structure of inbound tourism research and suggest further research directions.

A 30-year bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Web of Science Core Collection database through CiteSpace, covering 568 Social Sciences Citation Index articles.

This study systematically identifies the evolution of scientific structures and emerging research trends in the inbound tourism field. The findings show that: co-authorship patterns reveal a trend of international cooperation; the evolution of research themes is consistent with the development of the macro-environment and inbound tourism industry, the most recent focus being on sustainable development of destinations; varied multivariate data analysis methods dominate current empirical analysis; there exist three major research dimensions in the inbound tourism field; and unilateral political factors in destinations and bilateral linkage factors affecting inbound tourism demand have aroused research interest increasingly.

This study helps scholars and practitioners understand the current issues and needs of the inbound tourism industry and develops a future research agenda to promote the industry’s continuous development.

This study is the first attempt to provide insights into the theoretical development of inbound tourism over the past three decades from the perspective of a knowledge-based platform and further facilitate sustainable development of the industry.

本篇论文旨在全面地梳理入境旅游研究的整体知识架构, 进而提出未来研究方向。

本篇论文基于文献计量法, 运用CiteSpace对从Web of Science Core Collection数据库中检索得到的30年间568篇社会科学引文索引文献进行分析。

本篇论文系统地梳理了入境旅游领域知识架构的演化和新兴研究趋势, 填补了现有研究空白。结果揭示：（1）作者协作模式展现出国际化合作趋势; （2）入境旅游领域研究主题的演化趋势与宏观环境和国际旅游的发展阶段相吻合, 并且目的地可持续发展的研究成为热点; （3）目前实证分析主要采用各种多元数据分析方法; （4）入境旅游领域的研究可以归纳为三个主要研究方向; （5）单边政治因素和国家双边联系因素对入境旅游需求的影响逐渐成为近年研究热点。

本篇论文提出了未来研究方向, 有助于学界和业界人士掌握入境旅游产业的现状和需要, 从而推动该产业的可持续发展。

本篇论文首次从知识平台视角出发, 揭示了过去三十年间入境旅游的理论发展情况。

关键词 入境旅游, 文献计量法, 知识架构, 知识平台, 未来研究方向, CiteSpace

文章类型 ：研究型论文

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una sinopsis holística de la actual estructura científica de la investigación turística entrante y sugerir nuevas direcciones de investigación.

Se condujo un análisis bibliométrico de 30 años utilizando la base de datos de recopilación de datos de la red de ciencias básicas a través de CiteSpace, que abarcó 568 artículos del Índice de Citación de Ciencias Sociales.

Este estudio identifica sistemáticamente la evolución de estructuras científicas y las tendencias de investigación emergentes en el campo del turismo entrante. Las conclusiones muestran que: i) las pautas de coautoría han revelado una tendencia a la cooperación internacional; ii) la evolución de los temas de investigación es coherente con el desarrollo del macro-entorno y de la industria del turismo entrante, centrándose más recientemente en el desarrollo sostenible de los destinos; iii) los diversos métodos de análisis de datos multivariados predominan en el análisis empírico actual; iv) existen tres grandes dimensiones de investigación en el ámbito del turismo entrante; y v) los factores políticos unilaterales en los destinos y los factores de vinculación bilateral que afectan a la demanda turística entrante han despertado un interés cada vez mayor a la investigación.

Este estudio ayuda a los académicos y los profesionales a entender problemas y necesidades actuales de la industria turística entrante y desarrollar una futura guía de investigación para fomentar el desarrollo continuo de la industria.

Este estudio es el primer intento de proporcionar información sobre el desarrollo teórico del turismo entrante en las últimas tres décadas, desde la perspectiva de la plataforma basada en un conocimiento y facilitar aún más el desarrollo sostenible de la industria.

Turismo entrante, Bibliométrica, Estructura científica, Plataforma basada en el conocimiento, Agenda de investigación futura, CiteSpace

Revisión bibliográfica