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An issue concerning Tibetan refugees in India is the poverty and unemployment among Tibetan youth. This often leads to households adopting a strategy of sending one of its members abroad towards North American or European countries in search of better income opportunities. Incomes in the form of remittances from these forward migrants have numerous impacts on living standard of left behind families. This study aims to focus on the influence of forward migrant’s remittances on livelihood in terms of human, financial and social capital development of Tibetan refugees in India.

The paper includes 400 households from high-economic and low-economic-access regions of Tibetan settlements in India. Ordinary least square method was used to study these impacts.

Findings show that remittances have significantly influenced human and financial capital development. However, it was found to be statistically not significant for social capital development.

The present paper is original work.

Soon after the first refugees started coming to India from Tibet, the Department of Home was established to coordinate the immediate relief assistance for them and to find a long-term solution for the resettlement of refugees. The resettlement of refugees, however, also involves providing basic amenities and adequate source of livelihood. As a result, towards the end, the Department of Home had established 58 Tibetan settlements in India, Nepal and Bhutan, and the welfare and interests of these settlements are looked after by their respective representative or welfare officers. These settlements are primarily assisted by the Government of India and other voluntary aid organizations. There are a total of 58 settlements, out of which there are 39 major and minor settlements in India, 12 in Nepal and 7 in Bhutan based either on agriculture or agro-industries or handicrafts. Of these, 39 major and minor settlements spread across the length and breadth of the country; 11 settlements are found in the north-eastern part of the country, most of which is concentrated in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim and West Bengal. The present study discusses the socio-economic status of the Choephelling Tibetan settlement in Miao, Arunachal Pradesh, established in 1975. As per the 2008–2009 annual report, the current population is 2,816. The major source of livelihood for the settlers is farming. Alternatively, some of the settlers have also started carpet weaving as an alternate source of income. However, one of the greatest problems in the settlements is that the population is rapidly growing, due to the number of births in the community and the steady streams of new refugees, which has increased since 1980 when travel restrictions from Tibet became more relaxed. This has put a strain on the already fragile economy and infrastructure of the settlements, and the housing, sanitation, health clinics, schools and other facilities are no longer equipped to deal with the number of people in the settlements. This study attempts to address and discuss some of the major socio-economic issues faced by the settlers.

Increasing industrial agriculture and economic crisis has generated creative responses in pursuit of responsible solutions to the human and environmental cost of globalization by applying these models to promote social responsibility, help sustain livelihoods and foster biodiversity. A key issue concerns how responsible and circular businesses might provide appropriate responses to large-scale “wicked” problems. This paper aims to ask what such creativity looks like in the context of a circular economy that attempts to build closed value loops, by examining a case from the organic cotton textile industry: Appachi Eco-Logic.

This study uses an ethnographic extended-case approach to identify two phases of creative growth at Appachi Eco-Logic, examining how closing the value loop and creating circularity involved broadening the circle to include more and more actors.

This study identifies two major challenges to achieving and maintaining full circularity before concluding with a broad provocation for the study of circular economies.

The case offers insight into fundamental features of circularity, regeneration and redistribution, which can be used by managers to build responsible and sustainable closed value loops.

The purpose of this study is to explore the financial sources and evaluate the credit facilities available to Tibetan entrepreneurs especially residing in the vicinity of the Karnataka district, India. The most significant problem is that lending rates are extremely high and there is a lack of professional skill to manage their operations. Availability of financial support is still a major barrier for established and potential Tibetan entrepreneurs in the growth of their enterprises.

A sample size of 115 respondents, belonging to the urban and rural districts of Karnataka were interviewed to collect the information as primary data. Correlation analysis, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA and percent test have been applied for statistical analysis. The interest rate, bank loan, credit, savings, friends and relatives, corporate, retained profits and trade credit are the variables used for the research.

Personal savings, bank credit and bank loans are the most important variables reflecting the credit activities and are clustered having a total of 3.710. Corporate, trade credit and retained profits form minimal sources of credit having a total of 1.194. Hence, there is an important relationship between the variables and the credit facilities availed by the entrepreneurs.

The research emphasis on their credit facility, financial growth, availability of capital are some of the challenges encountered by the entrepreneurs hindering the growth of the new business. Hence the researcher has focused on understanding and exploring the various challenges faced by these entrepreneurs.

The five-decade-long Chinese colonialization of Tibet has led to a refugee flow. No longer confined to the Tibetan Plateau, Tibetans are scattered over the world, placing deep roots in host nations, in cities stretching from Oslo to New York City. Faced with new ideas, cultures and ways of life, diasporic Tibetans confront the same challenges as countless refugees before them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efforts of Tibetan New Yorkers to preserve their language and culture. To what extent should they integrate themselves into host countries? What mechanisms could they use to hold onto their native heritage without isolating themselves in a foreign environment? How should they construct new diasporic identities and reconcile such efforts with their ongoing political struggles?

This paper draws on documentary sources and interviews to examine the ways in which diasporic Tibetans understood and portrayed the conventional categories of language, cultural heritage and religion, especially with respect to the Tibetan Government-in-exile in India, and in which they maintained and reinvented their linguistic and cultural heritage in the cosmopolitan environment of New York City.

There is a gradual process of identity formation among Tibetan New Yorkers. While exiled Tibetans are asserting their agency to reinvent a new sense of belonging to America, they still hold onto the regional identity of their family households. Meanwhile, the US-born younger generations strengthen their ties with the larger Tibetan diaspora through community events, socio-cultural activism and electronic media.

Despite the small sample size, this study presents the first investigation of the Tibetan New Yorkers, and it provides an insider’s perspective on the efforts to preserve their native heritage in a globalized environment.

This study is a useful case study of the Tibetan diasporas in comparison with other Chinese diasporas in the West and beyond.

This study is the first scholarly investigation of the sociocultural experiences of Tibetan New Yorkers.

In 2010, the Canadian government introduced the National Action Plan for the Implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions on Women, Peace and Security. Approximately 24 countries have developed national action plans to evaluate and monitor the implementation of UNSCR 1325 that calls for the inclusion of all women in peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding and the protection of women. Refugee women were not included in the Action Plan as partners in peacemaking, mentioned only in sections referring to protection and post-conflict reconstruction. As such, refugee women are not considered key players in plans to bring about peace despite evidence that refugee women's organizations can participate in and even lead peacebuilding efforts.

This chapter analyzes the activities of three refugee women's organizations from Tibet, the Sudan, and Burma/Myanmar concluding that it is strategically important to support women's transnational networks and facilitate contact between diaspora, refugee, and local women's organizations interested in conflict transformation. A gendered analysis of refugee peacebuilding capacity reveals gaps in peacebuilding capacity approaches that become evident when female diasporas are the focus of the research. The women's refugee organizations show the capacity for transnational bridge building, that is, the capacity to build and sustain networks across geographical, social and political boundaries with the aim of bringing about nonviolent social change.

Oral health is an integral part of the general health, however, oral health has been given lower priority than other health problems especially among the underprivileged refugee population. Out of total refugees in the world, 70 percent of the refugees belong to Tibet. The purpose of this paper is to assess the dental caries status and treatment needs of Tibetans residing in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India and to explore and suggest better oral health care delivery to them.

Tibetans above the age of 12 years were included in this cross-sectional study. American Dental Association Type-3 examination was conducted. Data regarding demography and oral health practices was recorded on a structured format. For recording dental caries, dentition status and treatment need index was used. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. χ2 test, student t-test, and ANOVA test were used.

A total of 18,831 teeth were examined among which 82 percent were sound, 16.7 percent decayed, 0.7 percent were filled without decay, 0.1 percent filled with decay, 0.03 percent were bridge abutments and 0.15 percent teeth had traumatic injury. The mean DMFT was 7.3 and it was increasing with the age. Mean number of teeth requiring one surface filling, two or more surface filling, pulp therapy, and extraction was 1.27, 0.39, 0.21, and 2.08, respectively.

The study revealed low prevalence of dental caries among Tibetans and dental treatment requirement steadily increased with the advancement of age and was also related to other factors like poverty, education, and their tough life where oral health is given no priority.

Traditional places are on the wrong side of the divide. The wrong side of the divide is the side where the poor relatives live, where things are charming and quaint, where people look for no change to have taken place where attracting investments is always a problem, where one has to struggle to reinvent a souvenir environment. One could say that traditional places are places that have been ignored in the nation building process and have become dependent territories unable to generate their own energy for gaining prosperity. Prosperity has to be invented, imagined, sought after and gained. It simply does not descend from above. Steps have to be taken to invent the future of a traditional environment.

This case study relates to a silk-route settlement called Leh located deep inside the Himalayas at an altitude of over 12,000 feet (3000 meters) above sea level. It is inhabited almost entirely by Buddhists belonging to the Tibetan Mahayana branch. There are a smaller number of Muslim families who inhabit the larger settlements and the villages that are located on the border with Pakistan. Leh is the regional capital of the region known as Ladakh, which borders both Western Tibet presently in China and Pakistan. Ladakh, like all neglected regions that are made more attractive with the suffix “traditional” has been ruled for the last fifty years with policies that address the administrative needs of the government and not the real needs of the inhabitants. Our study to determine these real needs was commissioned by the government to prepare an action plan for the period 1989 - 2009.

A large team of experts, which focused on macroeconomics, microeconomics, tourism, community health, social structures, master planning, and heritage listing and conservation strategies, evaluated these needs. From these evaluations, some startling conclusions were drawn based on which a prescription was made for future prosperity. The findings of each discipline were overlaid on each other to provide the vital clues for a correct diagnosis of the settlement as a whole including its surrounding region. Some of the more important findings will be presented along with recommendations that need to be followed. The most significant broad proposal that emerged out of the study was the need to redefine the development track for the region. We found that the rapid changes that are taking place in the social fabric were due to the rapid move of resources into the tertiary (service) sector. The consequences of this could be seen in the wheeling dealing and accusations of corruption that dominated all conversations and interviews. Consequently we warned the administration not to remain indifferent to this trend and to take urgent steps to restore the production base of the region and to discourage investment in the tertiary sector. The methodologies developed during this study were later used in a number of successful development reorientation strategies in other regions.

Selecting the development and renewal of residential areas has caused significant confusion in the construction of a new countryside with the rapid development of information and computer technology. The application of digital assistive technology in traditional settlement planning has received increasing attention in recent years. Thus, this study combined the folk culture of traditional settlement, local unique landform, and climate environment. Digital technology was used as the starting point. Traditional settlement planning and green update design were studied with the help of a digital building software. The planning of Shuanglong Village and the residential green renewal design were taken as examples. Shuanglong Village's overall planning and design was presented and showed that its road traffic was clearly planned. The rational use of local land was attained. The landscape of Shuanglong Village was then designed. Practice has proven that the research on traditional settlement planning and green renewal design based on digital assistive technology can provide the basis for such activities.

The purpose of this paper is to outline the history of the Sino-Indian conflict and to evaluate recent changes as reflected in the high level meetings between President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It explores the evolving relationship in terms of three types of bargaining: elusive, tacit and convergent.

By adopting a historical approach one gets a better sense of the evolving pattern of relations between China and India and the circumstances in which the evolution is occurring.

China-India relations are similar to a journey where the progress is measured in terms of small steps rather than a final peace settlement. Relations have changed slowly towards a positive direction in economic relations, and there is a pattern of stability in border talks but the issue is complicated by the linkages between the Tibet question and border issues.

This topic requires considerable research because it is important for the future of Asian international relations and it is under-researched. Perhaps there could be an edited volume which brings together researchers from different backgrounds and expertise. The suggested work must be empirical but with a theoretical framework related to different types of bargaining cultures and experiences in Asia.

As China and India evolve in their diplomatic practices and thinking, as Asian powers are readjusting their policies in the light of new circumstances, there are insights for policy analysts and practitioners in China and India among other Asian countries.