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This study aims to protect Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium encapsulated in alginate beads during stress treatments, such as high temperatures and concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO₂).

Free and encapsulated probiotics were subjected to 70 and 80°C during 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. In addition, the probiotics were subjected to concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 per cent NaCl and 0.5 and 1.0per cent of NaNO₂.

Free Lactobacillus plantarum was more resistant to heat than free Enterococcus faecium. Alginate-encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum (ALP) also was more resistant to heat treatments than alginate-encapsulated Enterococcus faecium (AEF). After 30 min at 70°C, ALP showed levels about 6.9 log CFU/g while AEF presented 4.3 log CFU/g (p = 0.005). However, at 80°C, ALP maintained levels higher than 6 log CFU/g for up to 10 min, while AEF was able to maintain those levels only for approximately 5 min (p = 0.003). Encapsulation process provided adequate protection for both probiotics against NaCl. In relation to NaNO₂ concentrations, 0.5 and 1.0 per cent reduced viability of both probiotics (p = 0.014), either as free cells or as alginate-encapsulated forms.

Alginate beads containing probiotics is an interesting alternative for application in foods such as cooked meat products.

Alginate beads elaborated with milk powder, inulin and trehalose were effective to protect probiotics in stress situations similar to those can be found in the processing of foods, such as cooked meat products.

This study aims to develop a simplified bioink preparation method that can be applied to most hydrogel bioinks used in extrusion-based techniques.

The parameters of the bioprinting process significantly affect the printability of the bioink and the viability of cells. In turn, the bioink formulation and its physicochemical properties may influence the appropriate range of printing parameters. In extrusion-based bioprinting, the rheology of the bioink affects the printing pressure, cell survival and structural integrity. Three concentrations of alginate-gelatin hydrogel were prepared and printed at three different flow rates and nozzle gauges to investigate the print parameters. Other characterizations were performed to evaluate the hydrogel structure, printability, gelation time, swelling and degradation rates of the bioink and cell viability. An experimental design was used to determine optimal parameters. The analyses included live/dead assays, rheological measurements, swelling and degradation.

The experimental design results showed that the hydrogel flow rate substantially influenced printing accuracy and pressure. The best hydrogel flow rate in this study was 10 ml/h with a nozzle gauge of 18% and 4% alginate. Three different concentrations of alginate-gelatin hydrogels were found to exhibit shear-thinning behavior during printing. After seven days, 46% of the structure in the 4% alginate-5% gelatin sample remained intact. After printing, the viability of skin fibroblast cells for the optimized sample was 91%.

This methodology offers a straightforward bioink preparation method applicable to the majority of hydrogels used in extrusion-based procedures. This can also be considered a prerequisite for cell printing.

The use of polysaccharides increases solubility and consistency and causes functions such as viscosity? Moisture and food emulsifier stabilizer. This study aims to enrich the formulation of low-fat mozzarella cheese using microcoated vitamin D3 (VD3).

This study investigates the addition of hydrocolloids to low-fat mozzarella cheese to enhance its properties and nutritional value. Tests were conducted on cheese samples with 0.05% and 0.25% hydrocolloid concentrations at various stages: before production and at three and six months’ postproduction. The samples were evaluated for elasticity, pH and solubility to select the best one, which was then fortified with VD3. The vitamin was microencapsulated using alginate and whey protein to shield it from light and oxygen, optimizing the formula using the response surface method. The fortified cheese was tested for VD3 content over its shelf life.

Results indicated that all hydrocolloids tested improved moisture and meltability of the cheese while higher protein levels increased stretchability two to threefold. Rice starch hydrocolloid at 0.05% concentration was chosen due to superior sensory scores and minimal oil separation. This study concluded that VD3 levels remained stable during the cheese’s shelf life, suggesting that this approach could enhance the nutritional value of low-fat cheese without compromising its quality. Therefore, after examining the obtained results and comparing the regression models, the results indicated that the Quadratic model was chosen to investigate the effect of independent variables on the response rate, which had a statistically significant difference with other models (p = 0.0019). Also the results of the area under the curve and using the encapsulation efficiency equation, the percentage of microencapsulated vitamin was obtained, and according to the simulation results, the encapsulation efficiency was reported as 89.02%.

Developing innovative functional dairy products fortified with VD3 could improve the vitamin D status in deficient populations. Therefore, these designs can be applied at industrial scales for functional cheese production.

This paper aims to investigate the inhibition effect of sodium silicate (SS), sodium alginate (SA) and sodium tungstate (ST) on the corrosion behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution through polarization curve test at room temperature, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and weight loss measurement.

The influence of SA concentration on the inhibition efficiency of the corrosion inhibitor was mainly analyzed. The corrosion morphology and inhibition mechanism of the samples were also analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.

The results show that with the increase of SA concentration, the corrosion inhibition first increases and then decreases. When SA concentration is 0.03 mol/L, the inhibition efficiency is the highest, reaching 98 per cent. The adsorption film formed by SA and other deposition films produce a synergistic effect on the improvement of corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy.

The adsorption film formed by SA with other deposition films produces a synergistic effect on the improvement of corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy. With the increase of SA concentration, the corrosion inhibition first increases and then decreases. When the concentrations of SA, SS and ST are 0.03 mol/L, 0.015 mol/L and 0.02 mol/L, respectively, the inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor is the highest, reaching 98 per cent.

This study aims to fabricate a novel electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite aerogel with both thermal insulation and high temperature warning functions.

An emerging bio-based polypyrrole (PPy) gel/Fe₃O₄/calcium alginate (PFC) EMI shielding composite aerogel was prepared by freeze-drying and in situ polymerization method. First, Fe₃O₄/calcium alginate (CA) aerogel was obtained by freeze-drying the Fe₃O₄/CA mixture. Then, PPy/Fe₃O₄/CA was obtained by synthesizing PPy on the surface of CA/Fe₃O₄ aerogel through in situ polymerization. Finally, PPy/Fe₃O₄/CA was immersed in porphyrin solution (cross-linking agent) to get the final PFC EMI shielding composite aerogel.

Due to the matched impedance between Fe₃O₄ and PPy, the EMI shielding performance of PFC composite aerogel can reach up to −8 dB. In addition, the PFC EMI shielding composite aerogel also shows excellent self-extinguishing and thermal insulation properties. After leaving the flame, the burning PFC aerogel is quickly extinguished. When the PFC aerogel is placed on the heating plate at 230 °C, the temperature on the side of the aerogel away from the heating plate is only 90.3 °C after 5 min of heating. The electrical resistance of the PFC composite aerogel can be reduced from 3.62 × 104 O to 5 × 102 O to trigger the warning light after 3 s of exposure to the alcohol lamp flame. This reversible thermal resistance response characteristic can be used to give an early warning signal when the PFC encounters high temperature or flame.

This work provides a novel strategy for designing a multifunctional EMI shielding composite aerogel with repeatable high temperature warning performance. This PFC composite aerogel shows potential applications in the prevention of material combustion in high temperature electromagnetic environments.

The purpose of this paper was to find a simple and easy-operated method for filtering eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors.

The molecular structures and atomic electronegativities of the four kinds of natural reagents, iota-Carrageenan, sodium alginate, sodium dodecanesulphonate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate were calculated by Gaussian and Natural Bond Orbital, and the corrosion inhibition rates were forecasted by the calculated results. Then, the realistic corrosion inhibition efficiency were confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 Wt.% sodium chloride corrosive solutions. At the same time, the function of pefloxacin mesylate (PM) was explored in this paper polarization tests in 3.5 Wt.% sodium chloride corrosive solutions.

Results showed that the order calculated by the chemical software was correct, and the corrosion inhibition of SDS was the best. Optimum addition of PM not only can reduce microbial corrosion but also can improve the corrosion inhibition by spatial cooperation.

This method can be used to filter eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors quickly. PM can be also used to improve the corrosion inhibition rate of corrosion inhibitors.

The present method to filter corrosion inhibitors was time-consuming, which needed lots of experiments to verify the corrosion inhibitive efficiency. The calculated method was simpler than others, which need complicated calculation process.

This paper aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles using atmospheric discharge plasma in contact with liquid at different pressure in reactor and to assess their catalytical properties for reducing 4-nanoparticles (NP).

The Ag colloidal NPs was rapidly synthesized as a result of non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma formation between an electrode and the surface of AgNO₃ solution for 5 min at different pressure in reactor. Synthesized Ag NPs were characterized with common analytical techniques. Ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning microcopy analysis were used to study the formation and characteristics of silver nanoparticles.

The formation of silver colloidal solutions under plasma discharge at different pressure in reactor is characterized by the presence of surface resonance peak in the spectra. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the formation of spherical particles having a size distribution in the range of 15-26 nm. The AgNPs solution showed excellent rapid catalytic activity for the complete degradation of toxic 4-nitrophenol (4-NPh) into non-toxic 4-aminophenol (4-APh) within 18 min.

Further studies are necessary for confirmation of the practical application, especially of deposition Ag NPs on TiO₂.

The method provides a simple and practical solution to improving the synthesis of colloidal solutions of Ag NPs for degradation of organic pollutants (4-NPh) in water and wasters water.

Atmospheric discharge plasma in contact with liquid at different pressure can be used as an effective technique for synthesis of nanomaterials with catalytic properties.

Optimum conditions involving the contents of the pretreatment print paste and the steaming time for ink-jet printing were newly developed through orthogonal analysis. Cotton fabric treated under the newly developed optimum conditions could achieve a high colour yield for ink-jet printing similar to that of the commercially pretreated cotton fabric available in the market. The results are discussed thoroughly in this paper.

Long before calories and joules were used to indicate energy values in relation to food, popular belief had it that some foods could increase man's output of labour, his physical strength and endurance, even his fertility. The nature of the foods varied over the years. From earliest times, flesh foods have inspired men to “gird their loins” and “put on armour”, but too long at the feasting tables produced sloth of body and spirit. Hunger sharpens the wit, which makes one wonder if that oft‐quoted statement of poverty and hunger before the Great War—“children too hungry learn”—was quite true; it is now so long ago for most of us to remember. Thetruism “An army marches on its stomach” related to food in general and relating feats of strength to individual foods is something more difficult to prove. The brawny Scot owes little to his porridge; the toiling Irish labourer moves mountains of earth, not from the beef steaks he claims to consume, but for the size of the pay‐packet at the end of the week!

Dietary fibre is a general term for the combination of celluloses and pectins that pass through the digestive system largely unchanged. Modern cereal processing techniques and a decline in the popularity of bread and potatoes have combined to reduce our intake of fibre to around 20g per day. However, fibre is an essential part of our diet and low intakes are thought to lead to a series of problems varying from constipation to cancer of the colon.