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In macroeconomics, the term recession is defined as a significant decadence in ordinary economic activity in a designated region. There are so many economic theories attempted to explain why and how the economy might fall off of its long-term growth trend and in to a period of short-term recession. Economists say there have been 33 recession in the United States since 1854 through 2018 in total. Since 1980, there have been four such periods of negative economic growth that were considered recession in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Production and flows of goods are directly influenced by the tariff; uses input–output analysis to estimate indirect effects on gross domestic product, exports and employment; and allows redirection of trade toward other producers. The ongoing trade war with similar trade conflicts in history, we reveal three major causes, with varying degrees of importance from both economic and political perspectives.

Non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancers and cardiovascular diseases have become a major health concern globally. As literature claims that frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables can delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and its complications, this paper aims to evaluate the potential hypoglycemic properties in five types of non-leafy vegetables (pumpkin, sweet potato, bitter gourd, onion and lady’s finger), which are commonly available in Malaysia.

Articles were identified through several main search engines, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Taylor and Francis Online, EDS, Wiley, ScienceDirect and Scopus. The search was limited to selected keywords to refine the outcome.

All the five types of non-leafy vegetables demonstrate hypoglycemic properties to some extent. Emerging findings indicate that there are several phytonutrients in the non-leafy vegetables contributing to the hypoglycemic effects. To date, the underlying mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, although a number of potential mechanisms of action have been proposed in the literature.

This review provides some insights into the hypoglycemic properties in non-leafy vegetables. In addition, phytonutrients that are responsible for the hypoglycemic effects and their mechanism of action are also highlighted.