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Japan is the world's leading user of industrial robots and its industrial robot association is a most active robot trade association. They publish regular statistics, this article by JIRA's executive director presents the figures and outlines the impact of robots up to the end of 1980.

The International Federation of Robotics has compiled a world list of robot statistics. And, as Brian Rooks reports, last year saw a decline of the installation rate in many countries.

Under the guidance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and supported by the Japan Oil Hydraulics Association, the Electronic Industry Promotion Association, and the Japan Pneumatics Association, “The Industrial Robot Society” was established on March 17, 1971 and Hikoo Ando was elected its president.

This study examines the roles of market demand, industry structure, and firm strategy in the development of the robotics industry in the United States and Japan, focusing on differences between the two countries. On the demand side, Japan had a strong market for robots in the automotive and electrical machinery sectors. The U.S. got a slow start in the automotive sector and was unable to move rapidly to other customer sectors. On the supply side, the U.S. robotics industry consisted of mostly small and medium‐sized firms, while the Japanese robotics industry included many large‐diversified firms. Also, many U.S. robotics firms entered the market through acquisitions of and licenses with others, while many Japanese robotics firms moved forward in measured steps rather than attempting to make great leaps. Understanding these differences in market demand, industry structure, and firm strategy can help assess the overall competitiveness and development of the robotics industry in the U.S. and Japan.

Briefly reviews previous literature by the author before presenting an original 12 step system integration protocol designed to ensure the success of companies or countries in their efforts to develop and market new products. Looks at the issues from different strategic levels such as corporate, international, military and economic. Presents 31 case studies, including the success of Japan in microchips to the failure of Xerox to sell its invention of the Alto personal computer 3 years before Apple: from the success in DNA and Superconductor research to the success of Sunbeam in inventing and marketing food processors: and from the daring invention and production of atomic energy for survival to the successes of sewing machine inventor Howe in co‐operating on patents to compete in markets. Includes 306 questions and answers in order to qualify concepts introduced.

An often asked question is “Where does the UK stand in the field of robotics?”. An honest answer to this would be “Probably, dead last ” However, judging by the attendance and visitors to the Robots 79 conference and exhibition held in Nottingham last March and the growth of the British Robot Association over the past 18 months the UK is becoming very much aware of the benefits of robotics. Another question that is also put, which is a leading one, “Isn't the slowness of the UK in adopting robotics the result of trade union resistance?” Whilst UK union leadership is something apart it is doubtful if it is the nub of the problem. Almost universally around the world management is more worried about robotics than are the unions. Management in the executive suite talking about robots thinks they're talking dirty. Instead they might better have been open in discussing the introduction of robots with union people, telling them of the benefits and of the productivity gains and of the manner in which the product is to be introduced.

Recently two surveys have been carried out in the United Kingdom looking at the current robotic scene. The British Robot Association has collected information on the number of robots in use and Messrs. King & Lau from Imperial College have been surveying the scene from the users' point of view.

The human service triad (i.e. the relationship between the customer, frontline employee (FLE) and managerial employee) experiences a range of well-being challenges when faced with the introduction of service robots. Despite growth in service robot scholarship, understanding of the well-being challenges affecting the human service triad remains fragmented. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to synthesise the literature and offer a research agenda aligned with the proposed Robotic-Human Service Trilemma. By taking a job performance approach (which considers the actions, behaviours and outcomes linked to organisational goals), the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma conceptualises three well-being challenges (intrusion, sideline and interchange). These challenges are realised via the realistic capabilities and constraints of service robot implementation.

This research relies on a systematic review of all disciplines concerning service robots. In total, 82 articles were analysed using thematic coding and led to the development of the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma and research agenda.

The analyses reveal the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma consists of three challenges: intrusion, sideline and indifference. The findings demonstrate that FLEs are required to counterbalance the constraints of service robots, leading to an uneven well-being burden within the human service triad. This paper suggests a research agenda for investigation of the challenges that underpin the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma.

Through the conceptualisation of the Robotic-Human Service Trilemma, this study is the first to explore how states of well-being equilibrium exist within the human service triad and how these states are challenged by service robots. The authors present a balanced centricity perspective to well-being that contrasts previous trade-off approaches and that enhances the body of service robot literature with a well-being lens.