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This study aims to numerically investigate the flow features and mixing/combustion efficiencies in a turbulent reacting jet in cross-flow by a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology.

A high-order hybrid solver is employed where, the velocity field is obtained by solving the Eulerian filtered compressible transport equations while the species are simulated by using the filtered mass density function (FMDF) method.

The main features of a reacting JICF flame are reproduced by the large-eddy simulation (LES)/FMDF method. The computed mean and root-mean-square values of velocity and mean temperature field are in good agreement with experimental data. Reacting JICF’s with different momentum ratios are considered. The jet penetrates deeper for higher momentum ratios. Mixing and combustion efficiency are improved by increasing the momentum ratio.

The authors investigate the flow and combustion characteristics in subsonic reacting JICFs for which very limited studies are reported in the literature.

Purpose – Negotiations can be stressful, yet are unavoidable in many organizations. Members of organizational workgroups for instance need to negotiate about issues such as task division and different ideas on how to complete a project. Until recently little research effort has been directed to understanding negotiators' stress responses. Similarly, little is known about the consequences that these stress responses may have on negotiation outcomes. In this chapter we argue that group members' physiological stress responses are a key determinant of the outcomes of intragroup negotiations.

Design/Methodology/Approach – We focus on two distinct physiological responses (i.e., threat and challenge) and argue that relative to threat responses, challenge responses will be related to superior information sharing, information processing, and decision-making quality. Moving beyond a uniform relationship between physiological reactions and negotiators' behaviors and outcomes, we also focus on two moderating characteristics: the relative power of group members, and whether the negotiation is purely task related, or co-occurs with relationship issues. We discuss effects on both the individual and the group level, extend our ideas to other forms of negotiations, and end with practical and theoretical implications.

Originality/Value – A better understanding of psychophysiological processes during intragroup negotiations may help to explain when intragroup disagreements help or hinder group outcomes and, therefore, may help to solve the paradox of intragroup conflict.

This study aims to investigate the market reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, specifically in the banking sector.

The research uses an event study and cross-sectional analysis, with market reaction measured by cumulative abnormal return (CAR). The sample comprised 1,126 banks.

The results show that the market reacted negatively to the invasion both before and after its announcement. Developed and emerging markets saw a negative impact from the invasion, while frontier markets experienced only a slight impact. The authors also find that the banking markets of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members reacted significantly and negatively both before and after the invasion was announced. This demonstrates that the negative market reaction of NATO members was more impactful than that of other markets. Overall, this study shows that investors in the banking market are very sensitive to war.

This is the first study to provide international evidence, specifically on the banking sector's reaction during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

This paper aims to examine the role of Open Artificial Intelligence application (ChatGPT) to identify challenges faced by developers working on React.js libraries.

Scopus and Google Scholar databases were searched for the literature. In addition, ChatGPT application was accessed to extract contents regarding its potential role in identifying challenges and their solutions for developers.

This paper found that ChatGPT has potential in identifying challenges, faced by learners and developers. ChatGPT enables developers to navigate the projects’ libraries and overcome steep learning curve issue. ChatGPT excels in helping the developers by presenting a range of valuable strengths. These include offering tutorials and document support, providing comprehensive programming challenges solutions, assisting with the configuration and adding in debugging process of React.js application.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first articles presenting the potential role of ChatGPT in identifying and offering solutions to the challenges of learners and programmers about React.js.

This study aims to investigate the market reaction in the real estate market to the announcement of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

This study uses the event study method to assess the market reaction to the announcement that Russia is invading Ukraine. The sample in this study comprises 2,325 companies in the real estate market. We also conduct a cross-sectional analysis to determine the influence of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members and company characteristics on market reactions during the invasion.

The global market reacts significantly negative toward Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This indicates that the war poses a high geopolitical risk that prompts financial markets down. The authors also demonstrate that emerging and frontier markets react significantly negative to the invasion before and after its announcement. Meanwhile, developed markets tend to react only before the invasion is announced. Furthermore, we find that the NATO members react more strongly than other markets.

This result implies that war prompts investors to flee from the stock exchange, while the deeper the country’s involvement, the more investors worry about the risks.

This study is the first to discuss the market reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukrainian, specifically in the real estate market.

We investigate global competitors’ reaction to the Citicorp–Travelers mega merger announcement and find that global competitors, especially banks in Europe and the US, reacted positively to the Citicorp and Travelers’ merger announcement. The uncertainties created by the investigations into the merger proposal had significant impact on the competitors’ stock price. The announcement that the merger had been consummated also elicited a significantly positive reaction from the rivals following the resolution of uncertainties emanating from the regulatory challenges. The positive reaction by competitors suggests that the merger was a wealth-creating event for the large firms in the financial services industry. The expected benefits outweighed any competitive effects resulting from the merger. The competitors’ reaction was, however, not homogenous. Our cross-sectional analysis shows that the abnormal returns earned by the competitors were higher the larger the competitor. In addition, the abnormal returns were greater for the US rivals. That the global competitors reacted positively to the Citicorp–Travelers mega merger announcement is consistent with our assertion that the merger had ramifications that go beyond regulatory concerns in the US.

The purpose of this paper is to propose an adjustable oil film thickness test rig for detecting lubrication characteristics of the slipper. The mathematical analysis of lubrication is introduced. Based on the results from the test rig, the results comparison from test rig and mathematical analysis is carried out.

This paper introduces a mechanism which can adjust the oil film thickness between the slipper and swash-plate. Feasibility is ensured, and the accuracy of test rig is guaranteed by the three-coordinate measuring machine. Three displacement sensors show the oil film thickness and its shape. The reacting force and torque resulting from oil film can be achieved by three S-type force sensors and a torque sensor, respectively.

The relative error of the reacting force is small. The relative error reduces and is acceptable when the deformation of retainer is taken into account. The thickness and tilt angle of oil film have less effect on the reacting force. However, they are significantly impact on torque.

The test rig proposed in this paper is able to adjust the oil film thickness, which is used to detecting the lubrication characteristics in pump design.

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2020-0166/

To evaluate the competing reaction of isocyanate with cellulose and water which can provide direction for further studies on bonding and curing reactions of isocyanate with wood.

Two modern analytical techniques, Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were used. The FTIR was used to identify the products of the reaction of phenyl isocyanate (PI) with alcohol, water, and cellulose; while the XPS was used to evaluate the proportions of isocyanate that reacted with water or cellulose when PI reacted with cellulose at different moisture contents (MCs), respectively.

Methods for the IR identifications of reaction results of PI with n‐propanol, water, and cellulose, in which the reactions of PI with water and PI with cellulose resulted in N,N′‐diphenylurea and carbamate, respectively, were developed. It was discovered that the extent of reaction of isocyanate and cellulose decreased with increasing cellulose MC, and 92.98 per cent isocyanate reacted with water when 9.78 per cent MC was reached. It was confirmed that the products of the PI reaction were distributed mainly on the surface of the cellulose particles.

The study only focused on the reaction of PI. However, the industrial isocyanates, e.g. methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymerized methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (p‐MDI) that have complexities in chemical structures and components, make analyses with FTIR and XPS impossible.

The paper provides some instructive information about the isocyanate reaction that will help understanding the characteristics of isocyanate and guiding the design of technology bonding isocyanate to fibre, wood, etc.

The application of FTIR and XPS for evaluating the reaction of isocyanate with cellulose having different MCs was novel and may be used as a reference for other relevant studies.

The purpose of this study is to gain more insight in how line managers react to power use of superiors and subordinates in conflict situations.

The data was collected from 488 line managers; the majority of these managers worked in business services and non‐profit organizations. To measure the reaction of the line manager, the “Test for handling common organizational conflicts” was used, which incorporates a response factor (conflict style) and a situation factor (a combination of the opponent's behaviour and the organizational position).

The results showed, as expected, that managers' dominant or submissive reactions to opponents' dominant or submissive behaviour depend on opponents' power positions. The predicted directions of these relationships were that managers would react more complementarily to their superiors and would react more reciprocally to their subordinates. The hypotheses on the complementary reaction to superiors were supported. Managers submissiveness was more and dominance less with dominant superiors than with submissive superiors, and vice versa. Managers' reciprocal reaction in conflicts with subordinates was found for managers' submissiveness, but not for their dominant behaviour. The results showed complementary interactions, namely, managers dominate more with submissive subordinates than with dominant subordinates.

This study shows the structuring role of the hierarchal relationship in conflict interactions, and the prevailing position of complementary conflict patterns between managers and their superiors. The results supported the theoretical propositions in most cases, and they provide a better understanding of the use of dominance and submissiveness by managers.

Computation have been made of the three‐dimensional flow field development, chemical reaction and combustion processes in a typical afterburner system under both isothermal and reacting flow conditions. The calculations are based upon a numerical solution of the time‐averaged transport equations for mass, momentum, turbulence kinetic energy, dissipation rate, enthalpy and species concentrations using a finite‐volume formulation. The physical models include the k—ε turbulence model, the eddy break‐up model, a two‐step reaction model, a droplet vaporization and combustion model and six‐flux radiation model. The mean flow structures are presented in important longitudinal and cross‐sectional planes which show certain striking similarities and contrasting differences for isothermal and reacting flows. The flame stabilizer flow is shown to be dominated by a complex combination of recirculation and vortex patterns. Combustion alters convergence and mixing flow patterns downstream of the flame stabilizer, thus influencing the selection of the fuel injection system. The predicted reacting flow parameters identify a number of design parameters such as fuel injector location, high degree reaction zone, nozzle opening area and the corresponding fuel flow rate.