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The purpose of this paper is to prepare novel types of copolymers and terpolymers depending on jojoba, and using them as additives for lubricating oil.

Copolymerization of 1 mole of jojoba with 2 moles of vinyl acetate and copolymerization of 1 mole of jojoba with 2 moles of vinyl pyrrolidone were carried out. Then, two series of terpolymers were prepared by reacting (jojoba: vinyl acetate: alkylacrylate) and (jojoba: vinyl pyrrolidone: alkylacrylate), using free radical chain addition polymerization. Elucidation of the prepared polymers was carried out by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography, for determination of weight average molecular weight. The thermal stability of the prepared polymers was determined. The prepared polymers were evaluated as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants for lubricating oil.

It was found that the viscosity index increases with increasing the alkyl chain length of alkylacrylate. The effect of the monomer type was studied, and it was found that the polymers depending on vinyl acetate have great effect as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants for lubricating oil.

The polymerization of jojoba as different copolymers and terpolymers was carried out. The great influence of the prepared additives on modification of the viscosity properties and pour point of the oil was observed.

To prepare surfactants and use as pour point depressants for a waxy gas oil.

Some anionic surfactants (Calcium O, P.dioctyl benzene sulphonate and calcium hexadecyl benzene sulphonate) were prepared in the laboratory. The physicochemical characteristics were investigated. The adsorption behavior of these surfactants at air/solution and oil/solution interfaces were investigated by measuring the surface tension and interfacial tension as functions of concentration.

The surface parameters and free energies of micellization and adsorption confirm the decreasing and improving of pour point by prepared surfactants. It is found that there is a good relation between surface properties especially interfacial tension of the prepared surfactants and their efficiency in depressing the pour point. Also, the results indicating that anionic surfactants can be improved pour point of waxy gas oil.

Addresses long‐standing problem in the petroleum industry.

Oleochemicals can be made from the components of renewable animal, marine and vegetable oils and fats. This oleochemical group of products is a large one, comprising fatty acids, glycerol and numerous derivatives of these including fatty alcohols, fatty esters, and nitrogen‐, phosphorus‐and sulphur‐containing materials. Polyoxyalkylated end products from the above, from heavy metal and water‐soluble soaps, epoxidised chemicals, polymer components, and the quarternary ammonium compounds are found. The oleochemicals of interest to the lubricants manufacturer are those which function in some specific manner. Anti‐corrosive, anti‐oxidant, anti‐squawk, anti‐stick, anti‐sludge, anti‐wear detergent, dispersant and oiliness agents, pour point depressants and viscosity modifying materials, are examples.

This paper aims to investigate the tribological properties of 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate anion-based ionic liquids (ILs) when used as lubricant additives in synthetic ester oil.

The 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate anion-based ILs containing different cation-imidazolium and organo-ammonium were synthesized and characterized. Their tribological performances as lubricant additives were assessed on ball-on-flat tribological tester. Their compatibility with typical additives (such as viscosity improver, antioxidant, pour point depressant and anti-rusting agent) were evaluated on a four-ball friction and wear tester.

It was found that the synthesized ILs demonstrated more effective friction reduction and antiwear properties than the base synthetic ester oil. The ILs worked well with the other typical additives, such as viscosity improver, antioxidant, pour point depressant and anti-rusting agent.

The results of the experimental studies demonstrated the potential of 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate anion-based ILs as additives for improving friction reduction and antiwear abilities of synthetic ester oil.

IT IS OF INTEREST TO RECALL THAT while B.S. 210, issued in 1924 was the first British Standard covering mineral lubricating oils, this was not the first time that the British Standards Institution had paid attention to the petroleum industry. Earlier, in 1921 and 1923 motor spirit and benzol had been covered by B.S.121 and B.S.135 respectively. Shortly after B.S.210, further attention was paid to this field in general by the issue, in 1927, of B.S.148 and in 1929 of B.S.188. B.148 dealing with insulating oils for electrical purposes, has subsequently been revised but in the main is little changed even today. B.S.188 deals with the determination of viscosity in absolute units, a matter closely related to lubricants and of obvious interest to those engaged in lubricant testing and manufacturing control. It is in the process of revision and enlargement and a draft has just been issued for comment.

In this article the performance and properties which are desirable for a low temperature lubricant will be discussed. The article will be divided into three main headings, namely :—

POLYMERS are mixtures of compounds of similar chemical composition and of high molecular weights. Naturally occurring products such as rubber, cellulose, proteins and shellac, extracted materials such as asphaltic bitumens, and synthetic products, produced by a polymerisation process, are all included under this heading.

Additives are incorporated in engine oils to improve existing desirable properties of base stocks and to impart new specific properties required by modern engines. The additives include antioxidants, detergents, dispersants, corrosion and rust inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors and tribological agents. In this study, the effect of boron oil fortifier added into the base oil on friction coefficient and pressure distribution was investigated between sliding surfaces of engine journal bearings. Experiments were performed firstly using only base oil at different speeds and loads. Then, this test was repeated with different concentration ratio of 1, 3, 5 and 10 percent commercial boron additive.

ONE WINTER MORNING, many years ago, we observed with interest a road tank wagon belonging to one of the large oil companies being towed round a piece of waste land by a stable companion, in an endeavour to bring its reluctant engine to life. The vehicle with the dead engine bore a slogan in large letters which read : “Use Pratts for Easy Starting”.

The modern motorist rightly expects to use his car under all weather conditions. In fact, its utility is greatest in bad weather. It is, therefore, essential that he—and his wife—should be able to start the engine promptly and drive away in cold weather with the minimum of trouble.