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A proper noun entry is an index entry for the name of a particular person, place, or thing. While this type of entry is comparatively easy for humans to recognize, it is difficult to define for the purposes of computer processing. The kind and number of proper nouns which appear in a text vary to some extent with the subject matter. The ratio of proper nouns to all other text words may be higher in such subject areas as history and literature than it is, for example, in the sciences. However, in many instances proper nouns constitute a high proportion of index entries in the sciences.

This study aims to examine the effect of institutional ownership, audit committee and types of industry on environmental investment. Furthermore, this research investigates the consequences of environmental investments on firm financial performance.

The sample consisted of 145 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchanges and receiving PROPER awards issued by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia in the year 2009-2015. The data were then analyzed using ordinal logistic regression and multiple regression.

The findings showed that environmental investment was significantly affected by types of industry. However, institutional ownership and audit committee did not influence environmental investment. Finally, the finding indicated that environmental investments positively affected firm financial performance.

This research only covered companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchanges and receiving PROPER awards. Thus, the findings cannot be generalized for all companies in Indonesia and other markets.

This study is the first effort intended to investigate the determinants and consequences of environmental investment which have been ignored by previous studies, especially in the Asian emerging markets. This study at least provides us with two main contributions. First, the findings on determinants of environmental investment can be used by governments in Asian countries, especially Indonesia as a reference in making policies concerning the obligations of companies to the environmental problems. Second, the finding on the relationship of environmental investment and financial performance can be used by companies as strategies to generate profits without destroying the environment.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors that safeguard or hinder the proper use of derivatives, with evidence from active users and controllers of derivatives.

An online panel of 420 users and controllers of derivatives responded to a self‐report questionnaire that was purposely designed for the present study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to guide scale construction and the resulting factor scores were examined overall and across four demographic variables (gender, experience, education, position held with firm).

Factor analysis provided support for the five hypothesised dimensions of proper derivative usage: Risk management controls; Misuse; Expertise; Perception; and Benefits. Summary statistics of the factor scores revealed that the respondents agree that: they are giving proper attention to risk management controls; factors such as greed, politics, inappropriate standards and inadequate controls encourage misuse; they are capable of dealing with derivatives even in complex situations; derivatives are valuable financial instruments; and they are aware of the benefits derivatives provide to firms, when properly handled. However, some respondents reported contrasting views while the respondents' education, position held and experience with derivatives produced a significant impact on the factor scores. The implications of the findings are discussed.

This study provides a better understanding and assessment of five factors that affect the proper use of derivatives and addresses practical recommendations aimed at ensuring that the true values and qualities of the derivative instrument are not obscured.

This paper revolves around the central question: is it possible to do “proper ethnography” without complete participant observation? The authors draw upon a student's experiences of negotiating National Health Service (NHS) ethical approval requirements and access into the student's research field, a British NHS hospital and having to adapt data collection methods for the student's doctoral research. The authors examine some of the positional (insider/outsider, native gone academic), methodological (long-term/interrupted, overt/covert) and contextual challenges that threatened the student's ethnographic study.

The paper draws on reflexive vignettes written during the student's doctorate, capturing significant moments and issues within the student's research.

The authors highlight the temporal, practical, ethical and emotional challenges faced in attempting an ethnography of nursing culture within a highly regulated research environment. Having revealed the student's experience of researching this specific culture and finding ways to overcome these challenges, the authors conclude that the contemporary ethnographer needs to be increasingly flexible, opportunistic and somewhat covert.

The authors argue that it is possible to do “proper” and “good” ethnography without complete participant observation – it is not the method, the observation, that is the essence of ethnography, but whether the researcher achieves real understanding through thick descriptions of the culture that explain “what is really going on here”.

The authors hope to assist doctoral students engage in “good” ethnographic research within (potentially) risk-averse host organisations, such as the NHS, whilst being located in neo-liberal performative academic organisations (Foster, 2017; McCann et al., 2020). The authors wish to contribute to the journal to ensure good ethnography is accessible and achievable to (particularly) doctoral researchers who have to navigate complex challenges exacerbated by pressures in both the host and home cultures. The authors wish to see doctoral researchers survive and thrive in producing good organisational ethnographies to ensure such research is published (Watson 2012), cognisant of the pressures and targets to publish in top-ranked journals (Jones et al. 2020).

Having identified key challenges, the authors demonstrate how these can be addressed to ensure ethnography remains accessible to and achievable for, doctoral researchers, particularly in healthcare organisations. The authors conclude that understanding can be attained in what they propose as a hybrid form of “propportune” ethnography that blends the aim of the essence of “proper” anthropological approaches with the “opportunism” of contemporary data collection solutions.

Investigates the differences in protocols between arbitral tribunals and courts, with particular emphasis on US, Greek and English law. Gives examples of each country and its way of using the law in specific circumstances, and shows the variations therein. Sums up that arbitration is much the better way to gok as it avoids delays and expenses, plus the vexation/frustration of normal litigation. Concludes that the US and Greek constitutions and common law tradition in England appear to allow involved parties to choose their own judge, who can thus be an arbitrator. Discusses e‐commerce and speculates on this for the future.

This paper aims to extend previous developed market-based research on the value relevance of environmental performance by testing the relationship between share prices of Indonesian-listed corporations and their environmental performance ratings.

The sample consists of 60 listed firms which are rated by the Indonesia Ministry of Environment between 2002 and 2012, resulting in a sample of 246 observations. The Ohlson (1995) model was utilized and modified by including environmental ratings.

The research finds that superior environmental performance is associated with higher share price, whereas inferior environmental performance is value irrelevant to the market.

Considering the significance of PROPER, this research did not observe other types of corporate environmental performance, such as those released by the press and reported in the company annual reports and websites. These limitations are not controlled for in the tests, and this might confound inferences.

The paper addresses a gap in the literature by providing insight on how a developing capital market values both superior and inferior environmental performance. It also provides implication on the effectiveness of environmental monitoring policy in providing incentives for firms to improve their environmental performance

To present the models with many model parameters by polynomial chaos expansion (PCE), and improve the accuracy, this paper aims to present dimension-adaptive algorithm-based PCE technique and verify the feasibility of the proposed method through taking solid rocket motor ignition under low temperature as an example.

The main approaches of this work are as follows: presenting a two-step dimension-adaptive algorithm; through computing the PCE coefficients using dimension-adaptive algorithm, improving the accuracy of PCE surrogate model obtained; and applying the proposed method to uncertainty quantification (UQ) of solid rocket motor ignition under low temperature to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

The result indicates that by means of comparing with some conventional non-invasive method, the proposed method is able to raise the computational accuracy significantly on condition of meeting the efficiency requirement.

This paper proposes an approach in which the optimal non-uniform grid that can avoid the issue of overfitting or underfitting is obtained.

It is a well known problem the interactions between the market value of cash flows and the discount rate (usually the weighted average cost of capital, WACC) to calculate that value. This is mentioned in almost all text books in corporate finance. However, the solution adopted by most authors is to assume a constant leverage D%, and hence assume that the leverage gives raise to an optimal capital structure and the discount rate is constant. On the other hand, most authors use the definition of the Ke, the cost of leveraged equity for perpetuities even if the planning horizon is finite. Among these authors we find the work of Wood and Leitch W&L 2004. In this article we wish to analyse the claim made by W&L 2004 in the sense to have found an iterative solution to the problem of circularity that results in a “near” matching with the Adjusted Present Value APV, proposed by Myers, 1974. They use as the basic principle the fact that there is a “near” constant relation between Ke the cost of equity and Kd the cost of debt. They consider as well that the cost of debt Kd is not constant and changes proportionately with the leverage D%. We propose a very simple and precise approach to solve the above mentioned circularity problem.

This paper's objective is to explain the concept of proper kinematic constraint to guide requirements‐driven design of mechanical assemblies and to connects proper constraint to the datum flow chain (DFC) and key characteristics (KCs).

The paper presents proper constraint as a way to support the goal of placing key parts in particular geometric relationships with respect to one another so that a DFC can deliver KCs unambiguously. Such a DFC is said to be competent. Additionally, a competent DFC is robust in the sense that the constraint relationships between parts retain their definition and effect under all allowed variations in parts.

Failure to provide proper constraint can lead to undesired consequences including locked‐in stresses and difficult or inconsistent assembly. Some designs need to be over‐constrained, and this requires very careful control and tight tolerances on the over‐constrained degrees of freedom in order to avoid or at least understand the consequences listed above.

Mathematical methods exist to test designs for proper constraint. The simplest, and occasionally unsuccessful, is the Kutzbach criterion. Screw theory is the most reliable method but its application requires extra knowledge and mathematical tools.

Most CAD software and tolerance analysis software do not test designs for their state of constraint. The engineer needs to take account of this independently and be aware of the limitations of software as a guide. Tolerance analysis software that does not take account of constraint may yield incorrect answers.

The paper reinvigorates a once‐well‐known principle and makes engineers aware of it. It also links this concept to the concepts of DFC and KCs and supports a mathematically‐based method for designing assemblies.