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This study aims to investigate the effect of temperature applied at the initial deposition of Aluminium Nitride (AlN) thin-film on a silicon substrate by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) technique.

HiPIMS system was used to deposit AlN thin film at a low output power of 200 W. The ramping temperature was introduced to substrate from room temperature to maximum 100°Cat the initial deposition of thin-film, and the result was compared to thin-film sputtered with no additional heat. For the heat assistance AlN deposition, the substrate was let to cool down to room temperature for the remaining deposition time. The thin-films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) while the MIS Schottky diode characteristic investigated through current-voltage response by a two-point probe method.

The XRD pattern shows significant improvement of the strong peak of the c-axis (002) preferred orientation of the AlN thin-film. The peak was observed narrowed with temperature assisted where FWHM calculated at 0.35° compared to FWHM of AlN thin film deposited at room temperature at around 0.59°. The degree of crystallinity of bulk thin film was improved by 28% with temperature assisted. The AFM images show significant improvement as low surface roughness achieved at around 0.7 nm for temperature assisted sample compares to 3 nm with no heat applied.

The small amount of heat introduced to the substrate has significantly improved the growth of the c-axis AlN thin film, and this method is favorable in the deposition of the high-quality thin film at the low-temperature process.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of Piper betle leaf extract towards the acute-lethal toxicity, LC50 of red Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus).

Ten red Nile tilapia juveniles per tank (in triplicate) were used as an experimental fish for the LC50 bioassay. Five different concentrations of P. betle extract; 80 ppm, 90 ppm, 100 ppm, 110 ppm and 120 ppm, were tested on the red Nile tilapia juveniles and one tank was acting as a control. The progress of the LC50 and lethal time of fish mortality were observed and recorded within the random interval of 96 h. The value for LC50 was determined as 100 ppm of P. betle leaf extract. Higher number of fish mortalities was observed when concentration higher than 100 ppm was tested on to the red Nile tilapia juveniles.

Data obtained shows that the P. betle concentration of 120 ppm accelerated the fish mortality period.

However, adaption of P. betle extract occurred after 50 h, as there was no fish mortality observed within the time.

Having Middle Eastern tourism industry as the context, this study aims to examine the impact of the four main dimensions within service innovation (i.e. product, process, organizational and marketing innovations) on tourist satisfaction; subsequently, towards the development of destination loyalty. Realized that religiosity prevails as an important social force that shapes individual behaviours, this study, hence, placed further assessment upon its moderating role, specifically in the relationships between tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty.

With adopting the approach of self-structured questionnaire, 214 usable responses had been collected for this study. Obtained data was then analyzed by conducting exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis through the usage of structural equation modelling.

Analysis of obtained data has revealed all the investigated dimensions within service innovation as active predictors to tourist satisfaction, with the exception of product innovation, while having marketing innovation being of highest significance. In turn, tourist satisfaction is found to greatly influence the formation of destination loyalty. Findings then provide notable indication on religiosity as a moderating factor to the proposed relationships within the investigated framework, between service innovation and tourist satisfaction, as well as tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty.

This study, thus, revealed the level of religiosity, particularly from the standpoint of Islamic perspectives, in playing a critical role towards predicting capability of service innovation on tourist satisfaction, and further, destination loyalty. Contributions hereby lie on theoretical and pragmatic insights concerning aspects of service and Islamic marketing within today’s tourism front.